Download class review - Mr. Weiss

Who?
SUMERIANS
Sargon: Conquered Sumeria around 2330 BC.
WHO?
EGYPTIANS:
Menes: First Pharaoh to unite Upper and Lower Egypt (2930 BC)
Akhenaton & Nefertiti: Established monotheistic religion based on solar disk (Aton)
1380 BC
Tutankhamen: 1325 BC – 1320 BC Restores traditional religion in Egypt
King Menuhotep: reunites Egypt (Dynasty XI)
King Djoser: Built step pyramids (Dynasty III)
Queen Hatshepsut: First female Pharaoh, declared herself Pharaoh in 1485 BC,
famous builder of temples.
Ramses II :Lived for 90 years and had 400 children, commissioned many buildings and
projects. (Good Pharaoh in Prince of Egypt)
Ramses III: repels dislocated tribes from Asia Minor (Bad Pharaoh from Prince of
Egypt) (Dynasty XX)
WHO? (continued)
Thutmose III: Conquered Syria, Palestine in 1485 BC .
Ptolemy I: Greek general under Alexander the Great who ruled Egypt and founded
the Ptolemaic dynasty (304 BC), also ruled Syria, Asia Minor, Cyprus, Libya,
Phoenicia
Cleopatra: Last Pharaoh of independent Egypt – killed brother (Ptolemy XIII), ran
around with Julius Caesar and later Marc Antony. Fled to India after the Battle of
Actium (31 BC)
Who? (Hebrews)
Abraham: Traditional Patriarch of Jewish people. Left Ur in Sumeria and moved his
family into what is the modern state of Israel today (1850 BC).
Isaac: Had 12 grandchildren, who founded the 12 tribes of Israel
Jacob: Took family to Egypt because of famine in Israel (1700 BC)
Joseph: Son of Jacob, became Prime Minister of Egypt
Moses: Leads the Jews out of slavery in Egypt, receives 10 commandments (12801250 BC)
Joshua: takes over as leader of Jews who resettle in Israel after defeating Canaanites
(1250-1200 BC)
Saul: 1st Hebrew King, makes Jerusalem capital of Hebrews
David: Wrote Psalms praising God 1000-961 BC
Solomon: Built the First Temple in Jerusalem (961-922 BC)
Who? (Greeks)
King Minos: Legendary King of Minoans on island of Crete
Homer: Supposed blind originator of Iliad and Odyssey (written down in 700 BC)
Draco: Lawgiver in Athens (621 BC) Infamous for “Draconian” laws.
Solon: Archon of Athens who cancelled debts of poor (594 BC)
Cleisthenes: founder of Athenian democracy (507 BC)
Socrates: 1st famous Athenian philosopher. Founder of the “Socratic Method” –
questioning everything. “The only thing I know is that I don’t know anything.” Accused
of corrupting youth, convicted, forced to drink hemlock (470-399 BC)
Plato: Socrates’ student, wrote Aplogy, founded Academy of philosophy, taught
Aristotle. Believed that everything in the real world was only a reflection of ideal things
in a world of ideas (Allegory of the Cave) Nothing material lasts, only ideas. (428-347
BC)
Aristotle: Developed the idea of aristocracy (rule of reason). Disagreed with Plato –
the real world is what matters, ideas derive from real things. Studied nature / biology
as a result. (384-322 BC)
Philip II: Macedonian King who conquered Greece. Alexader the Great’s father.
Alexander the Great: Macedonian king, conquered Greece, Asia Minor, India, Egypt,
Persia. Founded Alexandria, spread Hellenistic culture (332-305 BC)
Darius I: Persian King who conquered Thrace and Macedonia, put down Greek
rebellion in Asia Minor (Peloponnesian War – 499-494 BC).
Xerxes I: Invades Greece (480 BC)
Pericles: Athenian General. Led Athens over the Delian League. 461-429 BC
Pythagoras: Pythagorean theorem
Hippocrates: Hippocratic Oath
Aristophenes: Writer of Comedies
Archimedes: Inventor of Archimedes screw, pulleys, calculated Pi?
Thucydides: History Peloponnesian War
Who? Rome
Romulus and Remus: Traditional founders of Rome. According to story, raised by
she-wolf. Romulus supposedly killed Remus. 753 BC.
Tarquinius Superbus (Tarquin the Proud): Last Etruscan King of Rome, overthrown in
509 BC)
Hannibal: Carthaginian who invaded Roman Republic overland with elephants in the
Punic Wars.
Scipio: Roman general who defeated Hannibal (181 BC)
Pompey: Conquered the Eastern Mediterranean, member of first triumvirate.
Represented Senate in civil War. Fled to Egypt, beheaded by Ptolemy XIII.
Gracchi Brothers: Helped the poor (133 BC)
Lucius Cornelius Sulla: Roman general who became dictator (82-79 BC)
Julius Caesar: Roman general who conquered Gaul, part of first Triumvirate. declared
public enemy by Senate. Crossed Rubicon river to return to Rome and fight civil war
against Pompey and Senate. Allied to Cleopatra. Became dictator for life (48 BC)
Assassinated by Senate March 15, 44 BC.
Crassus: Third member of 1st Triumvirate. Died in battle.
Spartacus: Led slave rebellion against Rome.
Octavian: Adopted son of Julius Caesar. Formed Second Triumvirate with Marc
Antony and Lepidus. Defeated Marc Antony and Cleopatra in Battle of Actium (31
BC). Became first Roman Emperor (Augustus). Beginning of Pax Romana.
Marc Antony: Caesar’s right-hand man in Gallic Wars. Member of Second
Triumvirate. Ran off with Cleopatra. Lost to Octavian in Battle of Actium (31 BC)
Tiberius: Roman Emperor after Augustus.
Claudius: SEE PRESENTATION ON ROMAN EMPERORS
Caligula:
Vespasian:
Titus:
Nero:
Marcus Aurelius:
Domitian:
Nerva:
Hadrian:
Trajan:
Antonnius Pius:
Marcus Aurelius:
Constantine:
Theodosius I:
Diocletian:
Maximian:
Constantius:
Galerius:
Odoacer:
Romulus Augustus:
Attila:
Bleda:
SEE REVIEW FOR LAST TEST
Constantine I: Ruled in 306 AD, Founded Constantinople over the ruins of Byzantium in
330 AD, Edict of Milan made Christianity equal to other religions in 313 AD, converted to
Christianity in 337 AD.
Jesus: Founder of Christianity
WHAT?
Maori: Built a densely populated farming community, acquired technology and
weapons and followed strong leaders (until 1800s)
Moriori: Remained weak, isolated, disorganized hunter gatherers with little or no
technology (Until 1800s)
Ziggurats: Pyramid like temples made by the Sumerians.
Tithes: Taxes paid by citizens to church.
Linear A: Phoenician alphabet spoken on Crete
Papyrus: Early paper used by the egyptians made from a plant that only grew in the
Nile Delta.
Dynasty: one family rules over time
Cuneiform: Pictographic script developed by Sumerians with over 700 symbols.
The first known writing system (3500 BC)
Hieroglyphs: Form of writing for the Egyptians (around 3300-3200 BC)
What?
City-state: City that acts like its own country (Greeks, Sumerians)
Mummification: Preserving bodies of the dead (Commoners 2040-1640 BC)
Polytheism: Belief in many gods
Rosetta Stone: Contains writing in ancienct greek, demotic scrips and hieroglyphs.
Used to translate and understand hieroglyphs. Found by the French.
Book of the Dead: 1800 BC – Contains instructions for entering the afterlife (Egyptians)
Gilgamesh: Oldest known recorded story (epic)
Artificial Selection: People domesticate plants / animals by selecting those that are
useful. (survival of the most useful to people)
Natural Selection: Species evolve from natural competition (survival of the fittest)
Monotheism: Belief in one – Judaism / Hebrews around 1850 BC (Abraham)
Christianity around 0 BC (Jesus), Islam around 570 AD (Muhammad)
Agricultural Revolution: Domestication of animals and plants for farming. Started in
Mesopotamia around 5000 BC, spread across N Africa, Europe, Asia
Hellenistic Culture: The foundation of European philosophy. Greek culture that was
spread by Alexander the Great to Egypt, India, C Asia, etc.
Theocracy: Government based on religion (Islam in Iran today, Ancient Egyptians)
Old English: Language spoken by Angles and Saxons in the Middle Ages. Closely
related to German.
Scribes: Writers who recorded important information
The Great Library: Founded to collect all books in the world (Alexandria 229 BC)
Burned down in 42 BC.
Pax Romana: Roman peace (Octavian) 27 BC to Imperial Crisis (235)
Mythology: Stories that explain the natural world.
Linear B: Myceneans adopted a Phoenician-like script
First Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, Caesar
Koran: Holy Book of Islam
Beowulf and Anglo Saxon Chronicles: Composed in 8th Century
10 Commandments: Moses receives laws from God – forms the basis for much of
modern law
Anglo Saxons: Settled in England around 500s AD. Originally from Northern Germany
Monarchy: Kingship with only one head of state
5 Pillars of Islam: 1) Pray 5 Times a Day, 2) Declare that Allah is the only God and
Muhammad is his last and greatest prophet, 3) Give to the poor, 4) Fast during
Ramadan, 5) Make a pilgrimage to Mecca
Edict of Milan: Constantine made Christianity equal to other religions in the Roman
Empire (313 AD)
Danelaw: Viking Kingdoms in England
Council of Elders: 28 men over 60 who propose laws and judge crimes in Sparta
Ephors: 5 elected people who acted like a modern day supreme court and controlled
spartan education.
Burhs: System of defense made by Alfred the Great against Vikings (600s)
Quaestors: Collected taxes in Roman Republic
Helots: Agricultural slaves in Sparta
Hominids: Human like creatures: Australeopithicus, Homo Erectus, Neandertals, Cro
Magnon, Homo Sapiens
Iliad: Epic tale supposedly written by Homer about Myceneans and Trojan War that
happened in 1200 BC. Wasn’t written until around 700 BC
Cultural Diffusion: Spread of culture
Metics: Free foreigners living in Athens. Usually artisans / merchants
Assembly – all male citizens over 30 vote to accept or reject laws.
Council of 500 – 10 tribes choose 50 men in Sparta – make laws
Archons: Rulers elected to 1 year terms (Athens)
12 Tribes (Hebrews): 12 great grandchildren of Abraham, settled in Canaan
Norsemen: Vikings (800s)
Senate: Advise the Roman Consul
Tetrarchy: power structure “rule by four” Diocletian divides the empire in two, two
junior emperors
Delian League: Athens maintains a naval empire under Pericles (461 BC to 429 BC).
Upset other city states and led to Peloponnesian War.
Christianity: monotheistic Religion spread by Paul, made official in roman empire by
Theodosius I (380)
Barbarians: First non Greeks, later non romans (literally means bar bar bar)
Censors: Administered census of property and citizen. Responsible for morality of
senators.
Acropolis: City on a hill (Athens)
Agora: marketplace in Athens
Dead Sea Scrolls: written in 140 BC
Longships: Viking ships
Praetors: like Judges in Roman republic
Dictator: total control for 6 months in crisis
Caliph: Leader of Muslim religion – sunni islam after split (661). Today, no more
caliphs after the abolition of Ottoman Empire in WWI.
Magna Carta: signed in 1215 AD – Social contract giving English nobles right to
assemble and other basic political rights.
Celts: Original inhabitants of Britain. Conquered by Romans
Patricians: Rich Roman citizens
Plebeians: Poor Roman citizens
Equities: Roman middle developed after Punic Wars.
Etruscans: First rulers of Rome. Culture related to Greeks.
Myceneans: Conquered Minoans? Adopted Linear B
Battle of Marathon: Athenians defeat Persians (490 BC)
Punic Wars: Rome vs. Carthage. Rome defeated Carthage and conquered the entire
Mediterranean area.
Ottoman Turks: Destroyed Byzantine Empire, conquered Constantinople and
renamed it Istanbul (1453)
12 Tablets: Written for poor people to know the law in Roman Republic
Tribunes: Plebeian council, could veto or reject laws
Feudalism: Social, political and economic system of shared protection and power.
WHERE
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lower / Upper Egypt
Fertile Crescent
Mesopotamia
Nile River
Sicily
Asia Minor
Nubia
Greece (Athens, Sparta, Crete, Aegean Sea)
Constantinople
Carthage
Phoenicia
England
Mongolia
Scandinavia
Mecca, Medina
Nicomedia, Milan
Denmark
Spain
France
Aachen
Tours
Persia
Byzantium
Cyprus
Libya
Saudi Arabia
Hungary
Thebes
Cairo
•Rome
•Turkey
•Jerusalem
•Israel
•Italy
•Gaul
•Germany
•Normandy
•Canaan
•Scotland
•Ireland
•Norway
•Phoenicia
•Alexandria (Egypt)
•Syria
•Macedonia
•Danelaw