Download (3-ма мовами) на кожне практичне заняття, які мають містити

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містити повну найбільш важливу та додаткову інформацію.
англ
Lab activity procedure for the Practical Lesson №1
Theme: Introduction to Medical Biology Course. Review of living levels. Cell
structure
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Biology as a science. Biology signifi cance in physician training.
2. Living levels. The fundamental characteristics of living beings.
3. Methods of biological investigations.
4. Light microscope structure. The main principles of working with light
microscope.
5. Principles of provisional specimen preparation.
6. Prokaryotes and eykaryotes.
7. Cell as an elementary structural, functional and genetic biological system.
8. Structure and functions of cell components.
9. Structural components of a nucleus.
REFERENCES
1. Medical Biology (Lectures №1).
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD
CSMU,
2003, - P. 3 - 19.
Methodical directions for the Practical Lesson №2
Theme: Gene expression in the cell. Coding and realization of genetic
information
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Organization of information flow in the cell.
2. Coding of biological information in a cell.
3. Molecular mechanisms of the genes expression: transcription, processing,
translation,
traits creation.
4. Regulation of the genes expression process.
REFERENCES
Biology Course:
1. Lecture №2 Theme: “ Genetic information and its realization in a cell.
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD
CSMU,
2003, - P. 143 - 150.
Methodical directions for the Practical Lesson №3
Theme: Cell cycle. Mitosis. Meiosis. Asexual and sexual reproduction,
gametogenesis
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Cell cycle. Mitosis.
2. Reproduction is a universal property of living beings. Asexual and sexual
reproduction
and its types.
3. Meiosis, its cytological and citogenetic characteristics
4. Sexual cells, their morphogenetic specialization.
5. Gametogenesis.
6. Fertilization. Parthenogenesis.
7. Biological peculiarities of human reproduction
REFERENCES
Biology Course:
1. Lecture №3 Theme: “Organisms reproduction and its types. Biological features
of human reproduction. Ontogenesis”.
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD
CSMU,
2003, - P. 58 – 74
Methodical Direction for Practical Lesson № 4
Theme: Ontogenesis. Peculiarities of the prenatal (embryonic) period of the
human beings’ development. Various abnormalities and their place in human
pathology.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Ontogenesis and its types
2. Periods of ontogenesis
3. Periods of the embryo development (embryogenesis)
4. Regulation of embryo development
5. Congenital malformations and its classifi cation
6. Teratogenic factors of environmental
7. Critical periods of embryo development. Prophylaxis of congenital
malformations.
REFERENCES
Biology Course:
Lecture № 9 Theme: «Organisms reproduction and its types. Biological features of
human reproduction. Ontogenesis».
Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD
CSMU,
2003, - P. 75- 81.
Methodical Directions for Practical Lesson №5
Theme: Peculiarities of the Human Genetic. Studying of the basic Laws of
inheritance by the example of Mendelian traits (mono- and polyhybrid
crosses)
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Subject of genetics and anthropogenetics.
2. Basic concepts and terms of modern genetics:
a) hereditary information, heredity, inheritance;
b) gene, genotype, genome, gene pool, phenotype;
c) allelic genes, multiply alleles;
d) homo-, heterozygotes;
e) mono-, di- and polyhybrid crossing.
3. Basic laws of inheritance:
a) the Law of Monotony of the fi rst fi lial generation (Low of Dominance);
b) the Law of Segregation;
c) hypothesis of purity of gametes;
d) the Law of independent assortment.
4. Statistical property of Mendel’s laws of inheritance
5. Back and test crosses. Their essence and evaluation.
6. Mendelian Traits in Humans
REFERENCES
Biology Course: 1. Lecture №4 Theme: “Organism level of organization genetic
information. Interaction of genes and their display during different types of
heredity”
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD
CSMU, 2003, - P. 114 - 134.
3. Nikolaenko O. Cell biology. Genetics. Manual for foreign students. Vinnitsia,
2004, P. 35 – 41
Methodical Directions for Practical Lesson № 6
Multiple alleles. Inheritance of human blood groups in ABO system and
Rhesus factor. Interaction of allelic and non-allelic genes. Pleiotropy.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Multiple alleles.
2. Inheritance of human ABO-blood groups.
3. Rhesus blood types in human.
4. Signifi cance of ABO blood types and Rh blood factor inheritance for medicine.
Rh incompatibility as the reason of erythroblastosis fetalis.
5. Forms of interaction between allelic genes:
complete dominance,
incomplete dominance,
superdominance,
codominance.
6. Forms of interaction between non-allelic genes
Comolementarity
Epistatsis
Polymery
7. Pleiotropy and modifier genes
REFERENCES
Biology Course: 1. Lecture №4 Theme: “Organism level of organization genetic
information. Interaction of genes and their display during different types of
heredity” 2.
Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD
CSMU, 2003, - P. 124 - 129, 224 -227.
Methodical Directions for Practical Lesson № 7
Theme: Chromosomal theory of linkage. Types of Sex determination. Sexlinked inheritance.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. A position of a gene on the chromosome.
2. Linkage and crossing-over: complete linkage and incomplete one.
3. Morgan Theory of inheritance.
4. Chromosome mapping.
5. Sex determination in animals.
6. Sex differentiation in human
7. Human sex-limited traits.
8. Human sex-infl uenced traits
REFERENCES
Biology Course: 1. Lecture №5 Theme: “ Chromosome theory of inheritance.
Genetics of sex. Sex-linked inheritance”
Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD
CSMU, 2003, - P. 139 – 143
Methodical Directions for Practical Lesson № 8
Theme: Variability, its forms and manifestations. Genomic, gene and
chromosomal mutations
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Variability as a property of living beings. Variability’ forms.
2. Modifi cation (phenotypic) variation (environmental infl uences, adaptive
character of modifi cation, phenocopies). Penetrance, expressivity.
3. Genotypic variation. Combinatorial variation as a base of phenotypic and
genotypic variability in human beings.
4. Mutations. Classifi cation of mutations.
5. Genome mutation (changes of the chromosomes number in the cell):
1) polyploidy;
2) aneuploidy
6. Chromosomal aberrations: 1) deletion; 2) duplication; 3) inversion; 4)
translocation
7. Gene mutations: 1) deletion; 2) duplication; 3) inversion; 4) insertion.
8. Germinal and somatic mutations.
9. Mutations origin. Classification of mutagens (physical, chemical, biological
mutagens).
10. Antimutagenic mechanisms
REFERENCES
Biology Course:
1. Lecture №6 Theme: “Variability at human as a property of life and genetic
phenomenon”
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD
CSMU, 2003, - P. 178 - 192.
Methodical directions for the Practical Lesson №9
Theme: Bases of medical genetics. Methods of study of heredity of the man:
pedigree construction, twin analysis, dermatoglyphic, biochemical.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Human organism as a specifi c object of the genetic studies.
2. Methods of human genetics: Genealogy method (Pedigree Analysis), Twin
method (study of Twins), Dermatoglyphics, Biochemical method, DNA Analysis.
3. Rules of Genealogy.
4. Types of inheritance: autosomal-dominant, autosomal-recessive, X-linked
recessive, X-linked dominant, Y-linked.
5. Pedigree Analysis: determination of inheritance type, proband’ genotype,
probability of the sick children birth in the proband’ family.
6. Twin method
7. Gene diseases (metabolic disorders or molecular pathology - gene mutations in
autosomes, gene mutations in sex chromosomes).
8. Chromosomal mosaicism.
REFERENCES
1. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD
CSMU, 2003, - P. 193 - 198, 202 - 216.
2. Lecture №5 Theme: “Anthropogenetics: research methods. Human inherited
diseases: principles and methods of diagnostics, abilities and perspectives,
prevention of spreading.”
3. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD
CSMU, 2003, - P. 198 - 200, 217 - 220.
Methodical directions for the Practical Lesson №10
Theme: Genetic human disorders: principles and methods of diagnosis and
prophylaxis.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Cytogenetic method (Chromosomal Analysis).
2. Autosomal abnormalities.
a) changing of chromosomes number (aneuploidy) in autosomes.
b) structural changing of chromosomes.
3. Numeral changes (aneuploidy) in sex chromosomes.
4. Chromosomal mosaicism.
REFERENCES
Biology Course:
1. Lecture №5 Theme: “Anthropogenetics: research methods. Human inherited
diseases: principles and methods of diagnostics, abilities and perspectives,
prevention of spreading.”
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD
CSMU, 2003, - P. 198 - 200, 217 - 220.
Methodical Directions for Practical Lesson № 12
Theme: Medical and biological states Protozoology. Medical zoology of
protists. Sarcomastigophora, Class Sporosoa, Apicomplex, Ciliophora, Class
Litostomate.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Classifi cation of parasites and hosts.
2. General characteristic of the Protozoa.
3. Characteristic of the Sarcodina Class.
4. Pecularities of structure of Dysenteric amoeba, its life cycle, location in the
human body, pathogenic importance. Methods of laboratory diagnostics and
prophylaxis of amoebiasis.
5. Peculiarities of structure and life cycles of Entamoeba coli and Entamoeba
gingivalis
6. Characteristic of the Infuzoria Class.
7. Peculiarities of structure and life cycles of Balantidium coli
8. General characteristics of Sporozoa Class
9. Peculiarities of Plasmodium malarie, Pl. vivax, Pl. ovale, Pl. falciparum
structure, the ways of their transmission, life cycles, location in the human body,
pathogenic importance.
10. Methods of laboratory diagnostics and prophylaxis of Malaria.
11. Peculiarities of Toxoplasma Gondii structure, its morphology, location,
transmission,
methods of laboratory diagnostics and prophylaxis.
REFERENCES
Biology Course:
1. Lecture №7 Theme: “Parasitology and Parasitism. Parazytic protosoans.”
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD
CSMU, 2003, - P. 232 - 240.
Methodical Directions for Practical Lesson № 13
Theme: Medical Protozoology. Protozoa. Class Zoomastigophora
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. General characteristics of Zoomastigophora Class.
2. Gardia lamblia structural and developmental pecularities, ways of transmission,
its life cycle, location in the human body, pathogenic importance. Methods of
laboratory diagnostics and prophylaxis of lambliasis.
3. Pecularities of Trichomonas vaginalis morphology, location, transmission,
methods of laboratory diagnostics and prophylaxis.
4. Peculiarities of morphology and location of Trichomonas hominis, its
transmission, laboratory diagnostics and prophylaxis.
5. The idea about the naturofocal and transmissive diseases.
6. Morphology and life cycle of Leishmania tropica minor and L.tropica major, L.
tropica mexicana, L. donovani; laboratory diagnostics and prophylaxis of
cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis.
7. The structure and life cycle of Trypanosoma; laboratory diagnostics and
prophylaxis of African and South American Trypanosomiasis.
REFERENCES
Biology Course:
1. Lecture №7 Theme: “Parasitology and Parasitism. Parazytic protosoans.”
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD
CSMU, 2003, - P. 240-251.
Methodical Directions for Practical Lesson №14
Theme: Medical Helminthology. Phylum Plathelminthes. Class Trematoda.
Human diseases caused by Fasciola hepatica, Dicrocelium lancetum
(dendriticum), Paragonimus westermani (ringeri), Opistorchis felineus,
Clonorchis sinensis, Shistosomae.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. General characteristics of Phylum Plathelminthes (Flatworms).
2. Classifi cation, bio- and geohelminthes.
3. Characteristics and development of Trematodes.
4. The liver fl uke. Its structure, life cycle, the ways of invasion, pathogenesis,
fasciolesis, prophylaxis.
5. The human lung fl uke. Morphology, life cycle, the way of invasion,
pathogenesis, paragonimosis prophylaxis
6. Cat fl uke. Morphology, life cycle, the way of invasion, pathogenesis,
opistorchosis prophylaxis.
7. Oriental or Chinese liver fl uke. Morphology, life cycle, the way of invasion,
pathogenesis, chlonorchosis prophylaxis.
8. Blood fl ukes. Morphology, life cycle, laboratory Diagnostics and disease
prophylaxis.
REFERENCES
Biology Course:
1. Lecture №8 Theme: “Helminthology.”
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD
CSMU, 2003, - P. 241 - 260.
Methodical Directions for Practical Lesson №15
Theme: Medical Helminthology. Phylum Plathelminthes. Class Cestoda.
Human diseases caused by Taenia solim, Taeniarhinchus saginatus,
Echinococcus granulosus . Diphyllobotrium latum
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. General characteristic features of tapeworms, Class Cestoidea. Adaptations to
parasitism.
2. Armed (Solitary) tapeworm (Taenia solium). Its structure, life cycle, ways of
invasion, pathogenesis, taeniosis prophylaxis.
3. Unarmed tapeworm (Taeniarhynchus saginatus). Its structure, life cycle, ways
of invasion, pathogenesis, taeniarhinchosis prophylaxis.
4. Structure and life cycle of Echinococcus. Ways of laboratory Diagnostics and
prophylaxis of echinococcosis.
5. Structure and life cycle of broad tapewarm. Ways of invasion, laboratory
diagnostics and prophylaxis of dyphillobotriosis Broad tapeworm
(Diphyllobotrium latum) ia agent of diphyllobothriosis.
REFERENCES
Biology Course:
1. Lecture №8 Theme: “Helmonthology”.
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD
CSMU, 2003, - P. 241 - 260.
Methodical directions for Practical Lesson № 16
Theme: Nemathelminthes. Class Nematoda. Trihinella spiralis, different
spesies of Filaria genus.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. General characteristics of Roundworms Phylum
2. Structural peculiarities, life cycle and pathogenic action of Ascaris. Migrating
larvae. Ways of laboratory diagnostics and prophylaxis of ascariasis.
3. Morphology and life cycle of Entherobius vermicularis. Methods of laboratory
diagnostics and prevention of entherobiosis.
4. Hookworms’ structure, pathology diagnostics and control.
5. Morphology and life cycle of Trichinella spiralis. Methods of laboratory
diagnostics and prevention of trichinellosis.
6. Structure and life cycle of Filariidae: Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Loa
loa, Onchocerca volvulus.
REFERENCES
Biology Course:
1. Lecture №9 Theme: “Arachnoenthomology.”
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD
CSMU, 2003, - P. 240 - 260.
Methodical directions for Practical Lesson № 17
Theme: Arthropoda. Classes Crustacea and Arachnoidea.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. General characteristics of Arthropoda
2. Medical importance of phalanges, scorpions and spiders
3. General characteristics of Acarina
4. The special features of the structure and functions of Ixodidea mites, their
medical importance. The role of mites in maintenance of nature located of
transmission diseases, the concept of transovarial and transphasal transmission of
agents.
5. The special features and the life cycle of Argasoidea mites
6. The special features of morphology and life cycle of Sarcoptes scabiei,
Demodex folliculorum, their medical importance.
REFERENCES
Biology Course:
1. Lecture №9 Theme: “Arachnoenthomology.”
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD
CSMU, 2003, - P. 260 - 280.
Methodical directions for Practical Lesson № 18
Theme: Medical Arahnoentomology. Phylum Arthropoda. Class Insecta.
Human diseases caused by members of Anoplura, Aphaniptera, Diptera
Orders, Blattaria Suborder, Cimex and Triatoma Genuses.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. General characteristics of Class Insecta.
2. Structural features, epidemiology, localization, morphology, life cycle,
pathology’ symptoms, prophylaxis of Pediculus humanus and Phthirus pubis lice.
3. Structural features, epidemiology, localization, morphology, life cycle,
pathology’ symptoms, prophylaxis of fl eas.
4. Structural features, epidemiology, localization, morphology, life cycle,
pathology’ symptoms, prophylaxis of mosquitoes.
5. Structural features, epidemiology, localization, morphology, life cycle,
pathology’ symptoms, prophylaxis of fl ies.
6. Structural features, epidemiology, localization, morphology, life cycle,
pathology’ symptoms, prophylaxis of cockroaches.
7. Structural features, epidemiology, localization, morphology, life cycle,
pathology’ symptoms, prophylaxis of bedbugs.
8. Structural features, epidemiology, localization, morphology, life cycle,
pathology’ symptoms, prophylaxis of assassin bugs.
REFERENCES
Biology Course:
1. Lecture №9 Theme: “Arachnoenthomology.”
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD
CSMU, 2003, - P. 260 - 280.
Methodical directions for Lesson № 19.
Concluding session for Module II
Tasks for grounding in Module 2“Parasitology and Parasitism” are following:
1. CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. What is parasite?
2. Defi ne a parasitism.
3. What is constant parasite?
4. What is ectoparasite?
5. What is endoparasite?
6. What is accidental parasite?
7. What is monoxenous parasite?
8. What is panxenous parasite?
9. What is the cyst serves for?
10. What is trophosoite?
11. Name fl agellated protozoan lives in urogenital tract
12. Trypanosoma and Leishmania both are in the Trypanosomatidae family. How
can
we distinguish them during their lifecycles?
13. What factors have to be present for feral nidal infection existing?
14. Name fl agellated protozoan invasion diseases are transmitted without vectors.
15. Name leishmaniasis’ types.
16. What is the vector for Chagas diseases?
17. What is the vector for sleeping sickness?
18. What is feral nidal disease?
19. What fl agellated protozoan can be transmitted without cysts?
20. What is the general name of plasmodium stages it get development in
mosquito?
21. Name malaria Plasmodium species please. Which is the most widespread and
dangerous?
22. What animal is most common source of toxoplasmosis to humans? Why?
23. Why toxoplasm is founding in virtually every country of the world?
24. Does toxoplasm produce cysts?
25. In what period of human life toxoplasm is dangerous especially? Why?
26. Name diagnostic stages of malaria in human blood. What is the vector for
malaria
disease?
27. Why liver treatment is critically important for malaria?
28. What is biohelminth?
29. What is geohelminth?
30. What stage of Opisthorhis felineus development is invective for human beings?
31. Who are fl ukes concerning their sex?
32. What stage of Opisthorhis felineus development is diagnostic for human
beings?
33. What stage of Fasciola hepatica development is invective for human beings?
34. What is strobila?
35. What diseases can cause Taenia solium in humans?
36. What are sources of the Himenolepis nana invasion in humans?
37. Why people who don’t consume pork can get disease caused by pork tapeworm
(Taenia solium)? What is the disease name?
38. Why infection of Himenolepis nana can persists for years in patient’ intestine?
39. What is onchosphere?
40. What are dog tapeworm’ target organs in humans?
41. What parasitic worm infestation is named “hydatidosis, or hydatid disease”?
Why?
42. Why Difi llobotrium latum is named “broad tapeworm”?
43. What is the name of Echinococcus cyst?
44. What are the differences of A. multilocularis and E. granulosis infections for
humans?
45. Name human longest parasitic worm.
46. Name main features which distinguish Arthropods from other animal phylums
47. Why ticks are not insects? Name their features.
48. What main parts does Arthropoda body consists of?
49. How do Solifugae are differ from other spiders?
50. What is Solifugae medical importance?
51. How does scorpion perform its bite?
52. Poison of what spiders may be fatal?
53. Female of which Arthropoda is named “black widow”? Why?
54. Name structural features which belong to ticks
55. Hard ticks have soft and stretched belly. Why are they named “hard”?
56. How can you distinguish Soft and Hard ticks?
57. What is soft ticks’ medical importance?
58. What is hard ticks’ medical importance?
59. What is the reason of sarcoptic mange in humans?
60. In what way can humans be ingested by Sarcoptes scabiei?
61. What are main sarcoptic mange symptoms? What are their reasons?
62. What sites do Demodex species occupy in human bodies?
63. How humans can get the Demodex infection?
64. What are tree features which distinguish Insecta from other Arthropoda
Classes?
65. What diseases in humans may presence of Pediculus lice leads to?
66. How can you distinguish Pediculus and Phtirus lice?
67. Which Insects’ genuses are most important in terms of parasitic diseases
transmission?
68. What diseases can fl ea transmit to humans?
69. Why fl ea can jump 200 times longer its body length?
70. Why it is almost impossible to squash fl ea by fi ngers?
71. How can eggs of Anopheles and common mosquitoes be distinguished?
72. How can larvae of Anopheles and common mosquitoes be distinguished?
73. How can adults of Anopheles and common mosquitoes be distinguished?
74. Name disease transmitted by black fl y to humans
75. How larvae transmitted with black fl y is adapted to vector’ activity?
76. What is medical importance of flies?
77. Name myiasys types?
78. Why removing of cockroaches is medically important?
79. There is no data about human diseases transmitted by the bedbugs. Why these
insects are medically important?
2. List of parasites are studied within Medical Biology Subject:
1. Entamoeba hystolitica.
2. Entamoeba hystolitica. Cyst.
3. Leishmania Flagella form.
4. Lamblia intestinales.
5. Tripanosoma
6. Trichomonas vaginales
7. Toxoplasma Gondii
8. Malaria parasites. Stage of ring.
9. Malaria parasites. Stage of amoeboid schizonts
10.Malaria parasites. Stage of fragmentation
11.Balantidium coli. Vegetative stage.
12.Balantidium coli.Cyst.
13.Liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) Flat (Plane) Worms. Class Trematodes
14.Dicrocoelium lanceatum (marita). Flat (Plane) Worms. Class Trematodes
15.Cat fluke (Opistorchis felineus). Flat (Plane) Worms. Class Trematodes
16.Pulmonary fluke (Paragonimus ringeri). Flat (Plane) Worms. Class
Trematodes
17.Clonorchis sinensis. Flat (Plane) Worms. Class Trematodes
18.Blood fluke (Schistosoma haematobium, (Schistosoma mansoni,
Schistosoma japonicum) Flat (Plane) Worms. Class Trematodes
19.Scolex of Armed tapeworm (Taenia solium
20.Hermaphroditic segment of the Armed tapeworm (Taenia solium). Class
Cestoidea
21.Mature proglottides of the Armed tapeworm (Taenia solium).
22.Scolex of Unarmed tapeworm (Taeniarhynchus saginatus). Class Cestoidea
23.Hermaphroditic segments Phylum Plathelminthes (Flat worms), Unarmed
tapeworm (Taeniarhynchus saginatus). Class Cestoidea
24.Unarmed tapeworm (Taeniarhynchus saginatus). Class Cestoidea
25.Broad tapeworm. Difillobotrium latum
26.Phylum Plathelminthes (Flat worms), Class Cestoidea. Echinococcus granulosis
27.Аlveococcus multilocularis. Phylum Plathelminthes (Flat worms), Class
Cestoidea
28.Hymenolepis nana. Phylum Plathelminthes (Flat worms), Class Cestoidea
29.Ascaris lumbricoides
30.Entherobius vermicularis (Pinworm)
31.Trichocephalus trichiurus (whipworm)
32.Ancylostoma duodenale
33.Trichinella spiralis
34.Dracunculus medinensis
35.Strongiloides stercoralis
36.Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Loa-loa, Onchocerca volvulus
37.Larva of Ixodidea mites Phylum Arthopoda. Class Arachnida
38.Nymph of Ixodidae tick
39.Female of Ixodidae tick
40.Ornitodorus pappilipes Argasaidae mites
41.Itch-mite (Sarcoptes scabiei)
42.Head lice Pediculus humanus capitis