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National 4 Concepts INSTRUMENTS Guiro - This instrument belongs to the percussion SCOTTISH Bass Drum - This instrument belongs to and has ridges cut into the outer surface. A wooden stick the percussion family. It is large, low in pitch and played is scraped along the ridges to produce the sound. Jig - A fast dance in compound time. Usually 2 beats in with a large-headed beater. A bass drum is also part of a bar, with each beat dividing into 3 quavers. a drum kit. Mouth Music - Unaccompanied songs with Gaelic or nonsense words, normally sung for ceilidh dances. Harp - This instrument belongs to the string family. It is usually about 1.8 metres high, weighs 36kg and has 47 Bass Guitar - The bass guitar is pitched lower than a Pentatonic – Any 5 note Scale longer note. A feature of Strathspeys. Strathspey - A Scottish dance with four beats in a Harpsichord - A keyboard instrument which looks like a small grand piano. When a key is pressed, it causes Cello - This instrument belongs to the string family a string to be plucked, which gives the harpsichord a and is slightly smaller and slightly higher in pitch than a 'twangy' sound. double bass. It can be played with a bow (arco) or pizzicato. Scots Ballad - A Scottish song which tells a story. strings. guitar. It is an electric string instrument and has only four strings, two fewer than an electric guitar. Scotch Snap - A very short accented note before a family. It is made of wood that has been hollowed out Pan Pipes - Traditional pan pipes are hollow tubes made from bamboo or wood, and bound together. The Clarinet - This instrument belongs to the woodwind tubes are of varying length which gives different pitches family. It uses a single reed, which is attached to a plastic of notes, and the sound is produced by blowing air mouthpiece. across the top of the tubes. Double Bass - This instrument belongs to the string Recorder - There are four main types of recorder: family and is the largest and lowest instrument of the descant, treble, tenor and bass. bar, with dotted rhythms, and usually featuring the Scotch snap. Vamp - A rhythmic accompaniment with a bass note strings. It can be played with a bow (arco) or pizzicato. played on the beat and a chord off the beat. Usually played on piano or guitar. Drone – 1; One note held on (or repeated in) the bass. Often called a drone bass. Sometimes there is more than one note. 2; The low-pitched pipes of a bagpipe which accompany a melody. Saxophone - This instrument belongs to the Flute - This instrument belongs to the woodwind woodwind family. It uses a single reed which is attached family, although it is made of metal. It does not have a to a plastic mouthpiece. reed. The sound is produced by blowing across the top of a hole – a bit like blowing across the open top of a glass bottle. Glockenspiel - This instrument belongs to the percussion family. The metal bars are laid out in a similar pattern to the piano and are played with beaters. D:\840969076.doc Page 1 of 4 Tambourine - This instrument belongs to the percussion family. It has a wooden or plastic frame, pairs of metal jingles attached, and is mostly played by the hand striking or shaking the instrument. INSTRUMENTS (CONT.) STYLES VOCAL Snare Drum - This instrument belongs to the Baroque - Baroque is the name given to a style of Backing Vocals - Singers who support the lead music composed during a particular period, 1600-1750 singer(s), usually by singing in harmony in the approximately. background. Romantic - In music, the period 1810-1900 Opera - A drama set to music with soloists, chorus, approximately, which followed the Classical era. The acting, and orchestral accompaniment. It is normally Triangle - This instrument belongs to the percussion Romantic orchestra grew in size and added piccolo, performed in a theatre. family. A piece of metal in the shape of a triangle, open trombone and more varied percussion. percussion family and is played with sticks or brushes. Timpani - This instrument belongs to the percussion family. A drum with skin stretched across a large bowl which was traditionally made of copper, but is more commonly now made of fibreglass. at one corner, and struck with a metal beater. Rapping - Rhyming lyrics that are spoken and Concerto - A work for solo instrument and orchestra, Trombone - This instrument belongs to the brass eg a flute concerto is written for flute and orchestra. It is family. Air vibrates through a player's lips, into a normally in three movements. performed in time to a beat. Rapping is popular in hiphop music. mouthpiece which is connected to the instrument. It is the only brass instrument that has a slide instead of valves. METHODS/EFFECTS Trumpet - This instrument belongs to the brass Verse and Chorus - A structure/form popular in many songs. The music of the verse is repeated, often with different words, and (between verses) the chorus is family. Air vibrates through a player's lips, into a Muted - Using a device which reduces the volume or mouthpiece which is connected to the instrument. The alters the sound of an instrument. normally repeated, featuring different music to the verse. trumpet is the smallest and highest instrument in the brass family. Distortion – An electronic effect used in rock music to colour the sound of an electric guitar. It gives a fuzzy Violin - This instrument belongs to the string family. pizzicato. Xylophone - This instrument belongs to the Types of voice. GROUPS Soprano – The highest female voice Brass Band - A band of brass instruments and Tenor – The highest male voice percussion. Bass - The lowest male voice. .Alto - The lowest female voice. percussion family. The wooden bars are laid out in a similar pattern to the piano and are played with beaters. are improvised (made up) by the singer. sound. It is the smallest and highest pitched instrument in the string family. It can be played with a bow (arco) or Scat singing - Nonsense words, syllables and sounds Wind Band - A band with woodwind, brass and percussion instruments. D:\840969076.doc Page 2 of 4 WORLD MUSIC African – Reggae STRUCTURE/FORM sing a melody, another part enters shortly afterwards Music from Africa - Reggae music was developed in the late Canon - Strict imitation. Once one part starts to play or A B A/ TERNARY - Three-part form – Music with exactly the same melody. Frere Jacques is often in three sections: section A, then B, then back to A. sung this way. See round. Chord Progression Imitation - Where the melody is immediately copied 1960s in Jamaica. 20th CENTURY (JAZZ) A series of related chords built on the first, fourth and fifth notes of a major or in another part. It need not be an exact copy. minor scale. Theme and Variation - The structure of a piece Ragtime A style of dance music which became Change of Key - A move from one key to another. several times with variations. popular at the end of the 19th century and which helped to influence jazz. Middle Eight - In popular music, a section which provides a contrast to the opening section. It is often Scat singing - Nonsense words, syllables and sounds are improvised (made up) by the singer. Swing - A jazz style which started in the 1930s and was performed by a big band. Pedal - Short for pedal point. A note which eight bars long. is sustained, or repeated continuously, in the bass Vamp - A rhythmic accompaniment with a bass note played on the beat and a chord off the beat. Usually played on piano or guitar. Syncopation - Strongly accented notes playing off or against the beat. where the melody is heard (the theme), then returns beneath changing harmonies. Cadenza - A passage of music which allows soloists to display their technical ability in singing or playing an instrument. Arpeggio - Notes of a chord played one after the other. D:\840969076.doc Page 3 of 4 Tempo, Dynamics, Rhythm and Note groupings Repeat Sign - A sign (indicated by a double barline Mezzo forte (or mf) stands for fairly loud volume. and two dots) which indicates that a section of music should be repeated. A tempo - An instruction to return to the speed that was played before the tempo changed. Accelerando - The tempo (speed) of the music gradually becomes faster. Mezzo piano (or mp) means fairly quiet volume. Scale - A sequence of notes moving by step in an Dotted Rhythm - A long note followed by a shorter ascending or descending order. one or a short note followed by a longer one, as in a Semiquaver - A note that lasts for a quarter (1/4) of a Scotch snap. beat. Andante - A tempo at a walking speed, approximately 76-108 beats per minute. Rallentando - The tempo (speed) of the music gradually slows down. Anacrusis - The notes which appear before the first strong beat of a musical phrase, particularly at the start of a piece. Compound Time - The beat is divided into groups of three. Simple time - The music has two, three or four beats in each bar, and each beat is a crotchet (1 beat note) and each beat can be divided into 2. Grouped Semiquavers - A group of semiquavers which are joined together. Major - The music sounds in a major key (tonality) – often described as having a cheery, happy feel to it. Minor - The music sounds in a minor key (tonality), often described as having a sadder feel than major. Ornament - An ornament decorates a melody by adding extra notes. Ornaments are often short and add melodic and rhythmic interest. Paired Quavers - Two quavers (½ beat notes) joined together. Quaver - A note that lasts half a beat. D:\840969076.doc Page 4 of 4