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7/10/16 TheOralLaw- 3 A PRIME R F O RME S S IA NIC BE LIE V E RS ME S S IA NIC PA S T O RRICK A RII BE T H DA V IDME S S IA NIC CO NGRE GAT IO N BETH DAVID MESSIAN IC CON G REG ATION Review: Session1 Discussedexistingperceptionsandknowledgeregarding Jewishliteratureand“Talmud”specifically.Whystudy Talmud? TheimportanceofRabbinicLiteratureforbelieversin MessiahYeshua JewishRole– ACovenant People(GiftandCalling) ◦ Guarding theCovenant: Exodus19:1-6,Deuteronomy 29:1,10-15 ◦ Keeping theCovenant: Exodus21:12,17 Thisistheunderlying questionofTalmud:Howdoweguard God’sCovenant?Howdo wekeep(do)it? BETH DAVID MESSIAN IC CON G REG ATION 1 7/10/16 Review: Session2 Ø ExploredwhatdefinesJudaismanditscorefoundationin theTorah Ø Introduced the“dual”Torahanddiscussedthepluralityof Judaisms andtheneedforunityinaspreadingdiaspora Ø Discussedtheconcept anddiversemeaningsoftheterm, “law” Ø OverviewoftheTalmudicera- 250BC– 600AD,and introduced Mishnah,Gemara,andTalmud BETH DAVID MESSIAN IC CON G REG ATION Review:Mishnah– CommentaryonTorah Mishnah Torah BETH DAVID MESSIAN IC CON G REG ATION 2 7/10/16 Review:Gemara – CommentaryonMishnah Gemara Mishnah Torah BETH DAVID MESSIAN IC CON G REG ATION Review: Mishnah+Gemara=Talmud Gemara Mishnah Torah BETH DAVID MESSIAN IC CON G REG ATION 3 7/10/16 Review:Mishnah+Yerushalmi Gemara =Yerushalmi Talmud Gemara-Y Mishnah Torah BETH DAVID MESSIAN IC CON G REG ATION Review:Mishnah+BavliGemara =Bavli Talmud Gemara-B Mishnah Torah BETH DAVID MESSIAN IC CON G REG ATION 4 7/10/16 Review:TheRabbinicCanon ØMishnah ØCommentary onTorah ØCodifiedca.200CE ØVoicesfrom250BCE– 200CE(Tana’im) ØGemara ØCommentary onMishnah ØDevelopedintwodifferentschools(Amor’im) Ø Insidetheland(Jerusalem/Palestinian/Yerushalmi) Ø Outsidetheland(Babylonian/Bavil) ØYerushalmi Talmud Codifiedca.400CE ØBavli Talmud Codifiedca.600CE BETH DAVID MESSIAN IC CON G REG ATION Assignmentfortheweek… ReadNehemiahChapter 8. Summarizeitin250wordsorless,payingcarefulattention tohowEzra reads,interprets, andteachesfromScripture. BETH DAVID MESSIAN IC CON G REG ATION 5 7/10/16 Session3Overview SessionThreewillcontinuewithadeeperlook atthe pertinentBiblicalhistorystartingwiththegivingofTorahon Mt.Sinai,butfocusingon theSecondTempleperiod,the destructionoftheTemple/Jerusalem,andtheensuing Talmudicperiod. DetailswillincludeEzra’sroleandthedevelopment of Scribes,Pharisees,Mishnaic voicesandthedevelopment andcodificationoftheTalmud. AgeofTorah: ca.1450BC– 971BC Ø 1450BC– MountSinai Ø 10Commandments(writteninstone,bythefingerofGod) Ø WrittenTorah(attributedtoMoses) Ø OralTorah (spokentoMoses,passedtoJoshua) Ø 1400BC– JoshualeadsIsraelintoCanaan Ø 1350BC– EraoftheJudgesBegins Ø 1051BC– FirstKingofIsrael:Saul Ø 1011BC– SecondKingofIsrael:David BETH DAVID MESSIAN IC CON G REG ATION 6 7/10/16 FirstTemplePeriod Ø 971BC– ThirdKingofIsrael:Solomon Ø 960BC– FirstTempleCompleted Ø 931BC– DividedKingdom– Judah(south) andIsrael(north) Ø 722BC– IsraelfallstoAssyria Ø 586BC– JudahfallstoBabylon,Jerusalem/Temple destroyed Ø 538BC– Cyrus’Edictallowing Jewstoreturn totheirland Ø Zerubbabel and49,697return Ø 536BC– RebuildingoftheTemplebegins Ø 520– 516BC– Rebuildingcomplete BETH DAVID MESSIAN IC CON G REG ATION SecondTemplePeriod Ø 516BC– RebuildingoftheTemplecompleted Ø 457BC– EzraSenttoJudah Ø 444-432BC– NehemiahGovernsJudah Ø 400BCInter-testamental (silent?)Period Ø 336– 323BC– AlexandertheGreat Ø 331– 63BC– Ptolemaic/Selucidic ControlofTheLand Ø 164– 63BC– Hasmonean Dynasty(Jewishself-rule) Ø 63BC– PompeyconquersJerusalemforRome Ø 37BC– HerodtheGreatappointedKingofJudea/Jews Ø 20BC– HerodbeginsrefurbishingtheTemple Ø c.6– 4BC– 30AD– LifeofYeshua Ø 70AD– Temple/JerusalemdestroyedbyRomans BETH DAVID MESSIAN IC CON G REG ATION 7 7/10/16 TheChronicler “Itiswidelyrecognizedthatthechronicler’s compilation ofEzraand Nehemiahwasmotivatedbykeentheological interests.Themore important themesidentified asshapingthecarefulconstruction ofthe literature include covenantrenewalintherestoration community(e.g., Nehemiah8– 10),therebuilding anddedication ofthewallofJerusalem asaphysicaldemonstration ofGod’sfulfillment ofearlier promisesto restoretheremnantofIsrael (cf.Zeph.3:19– 20;Hag.2:1– 9),the historical andtheological continuity betweenpreexilic andpostexilic Israel (e.g.,theinstitution ofthetemple, installation ofofficerslikethe priestsandtempleservants,andtheimportance oftheTorahofMoses astheguideforHebrew religiousandsociallife,andthelegitimacyof therestoration community’s religious, political, economic, andsocial agendaasGod’s elect(cf.Neh.9:32– 37).” AndrewE.Hill, JohnH.Walton,ASurveyoftheOldTestament BETH DAVID MESSIAN IC CON G REG ATION Scribes=Lawyers “ThedevelopmentofwritingsystemsintheancientNearEastledtotherise ofaprofessionalclassofscribes,andthisheldtrueforHebrewsocietyin OldTestamenttimes.Inpreexilic Israeltheseofficialsecretarieswerekey figuresinbothreligiousandciviladministration(cf.2Sam8:16–17;20:23– 26).DuringtheperiodoftheHebrewmonarchiesthescribesfunctionedas “diplomats”inaway,sincetheirexpertiseinthelanguagesandliteratureof thedayfacilitatedinternationalcorrespondence(cf.2Kings18:18–26).The scribesalsowrotepersonallettersandpublicdocuments(e.g.,Isa50:1;Jer 36:18)andrecordedlegal,military,andfinancialdataforthemonarchy(cf. 1Kings4:3;2Kings22:3–4;2Chron 24:11;2Chron 26:11). “TheLevitesalsoservedasscribesandrecordersforthetemple(2Chron 34:13,15).AfterthefalloftheHebrewmonarchies,thescribalclassin postexilicIsraelwastiedsolelytothetempleandmorenarrowlyfocusedas tofunction.Thesetemplescribeswereessentiallyaclassofscholarswho devotedthemselvestocopying,preserving,publishing,andinterpreting the LawofMosesfortheHebrewpeople.Ezraisoftenidentifiedasthe precursorofthisscribalclass(Ezra7:1–10).ByNewTestamenttimes,the scribesformedapowerfulreligiousandpoliticalclassinJudaism.They becamemajoropponentsoftheministryofJesus,accusinghimofviolating Jewishlaw(cf.Matt.23:2).” AndrewE.Hill,JohnH.Walton,ASurveyoftheOldTestament BETH DAVID MESSIAN IC CON G REG ATION 8 7/10/16 Metamorphosisofpriestand scribe Perhapsmoresignificantwasthemetamorphosisthattookplaceinthe officesofpriestandscribe.Inthepreexilic periodascribewasahighrankingcabinetmemberofthestatebureaucracy(e.g.,2Sam.20:24– 25;2 Kings18:18)whoneverfunctionedasapriest.Theroleofthescribewas redefinedwiththearrivalofEzra.Asapriest-scribehebecamethemodel foralaterclassofreligiousprofessionalswhosesoletaskwasthestudyand expositionofScripture(cf.Ezra7:10).Thelong-termramificationsofthis restructuringofHebrewsocietyemergedintheattitudesandteachingsof laterJudaism.Unfortunately,theconsequencesforHebrewreligionwere mostlynegative.Yetthehistoricalandtheologicaldevelopmentstraced fromthepostexilicperiodthroughtheintertestamental periodcontribute greatlytotheunderstandingofNewTestamentbackgrounds,especially Jesus’encounterswiththereligiouseliteofPalestineinthefirstcenturyAD. Forexample,thezealousbutmisguidedappealtoMosaiclawfor communityruleeventuallyledtoapharisaicallegalismthattithed“pepper seeds”withruthlesscalculationbutignoredtheveryessenceofTorah— faith,justice,andmercy(Matt.23:23 BETH DAVID MESSIAN IC CON G REG ATION Metamorphosisofpriestand scribe Toensurecommunityobediencetocovenantstipulationsrelatedtopersonalpurity, theMosaiccodewas“fencedin”orsupplementedbyalegalhedgecalledtheoral law,or“traditionoftheelders”(cf.Matt.15:1– 9).Graduallythesupplementalcode displacedtheprimarycodeofMoses,promptingJesustodecryareligionthat neglectedthelawofGodtoclingtothetraditionsofmen(cf.Mark7:1– 9).Theidea ofHebrewexclusivenessfosteredbyEzraslowlydegeneratedintoanunhealthy preoccupationwiththeseparationfromthe“unclean”lifestyleoftheGentiles.Asa result,themajorityoftheJewswereblindedtotheirdivinecommissionasalightto thenations(Isa.42:6;Luke2:32)anddesensitizedtotheirownspiritualbankruptcy (Luke5:27– 31;10:25– 37).Finally,thestudyandteachingofthelawofMoses continuedtobedivorcedfromthepriesthood.Fortheirpart,thepriestsweremore concernedaboutpoliticalandeconomicissuesduetotheinfluenceofHellenismon therulingaristocracyofJerusalem.ByNewTestamenttimes,however,aprofessional classofscribesor“lawyers”hadusurpedthepriestlyroleasspiritualleadersofthe people.Jesuscondemnedthemaslittlemorethan“blindguides”and“whitewashed tombs”(Matt.23:16,27).Smallwonderthemultitudeswereastoundedatthe teachingofJesusasonewhospokewithauthority(cf.Mark1:22)! Hill,AndrewE.;Walton,JohnH.(2010-05-11).ASurveyoftheOldTestament(Kindle Locations5458-5477).Zondervan.KindleEdition. BETH DAVID MESSIAN IC CON G REG ATION 9 7/10/16 Significantshifts– 2nd temple period ØLanguage Ø C.255SeptuagintcompletedinAlexandria Ø RememberPhilo? Ø 196RosettaStoneTributetoPtolemyVwritteninGreek, Egyptian hieroglyphsandEgyptiandemotic ØRulership /Occupation Ø342-332PersianRuleofEgypt Ø332AlexandertheGreatconquersEgypt/Palestine Ø Hellenizationbegins Ø331Ptolemaic(Egyptian)Control Ø198Seleucid(Syrian)Control BETH DAVID MESSIAN IC CON G REG ATION PostTemplePeriod Ø 63– 70JewishRevolt Ø 70– Destruction oftheTempleandJerusalem ØMessianicbelieversinJerusalem flee toPela Ø40?– 100ApostolicWritingsemerge Ø 135BarKochba Revolt Ø 40– 425Pharasaic Center Relocates Ø 70fromJerusalemtoYavne Ø 140Yavne toUsha Ø Usha toShefaram Ø 170Shefarim toBeitShe’arim Ø 200BeitShe’arim toTzippori (Sephoris) Ø 250Tzippoi toTiberias BETH DAVID MESSIAN IC CON G REG ATION 10 7/10/16 HistoryofAntiSemitism/ Supersessionism:115-210 Ø115Ignatius,bishop ofAntioch: “Forifevenuntothisdayweliveafter themannerofJudaism,weavowthatwehavenotreceivegrace.” Ø120Epistle ofBarnabas:“Oursitis;buttheylostitinthiswayforever” Ø150Justin Martyr Ø“DialoguewithTrypho theJew:” “ChrististheIsraelandtheJacob,we… are thetrue Israelite race...” Ø“you[thoseofthecircumcision]alonemaysufferthatwhichyounowjustly suffer;andthatyourlandmaybedesolate,andyourcitiesburnedwithfire” Ø165Melito, bishopofSardis:“...thepeoplewasmadevoidwhenthe church arose.” Ø210Hippolytus ofRome:declared theJewseternallyrejected byGod, guiltyoflilling Jesus BETH DAVID MESSIAN IC CON G REG ATION HistoryofAntiSemitism/ Supersessionism:220– 330 Ø220Origen:Expressedhis“utterconfidence” thattheJewswere foreverrejectedbyGod Ø306TheChurch SynodofElvira:restricts socialinteractions withJews Ø315Emperor Constantine: EdictofMilanforbidsJewsfromlivingin Jerusalem;convertsfromChristianity toJudaismtobeburned alive Ø325Council ofNicaea:Separates“Easter”from“Passover,”severing commonalitywith Jewishroots Ø320Cyprian, Bishop ofCarthage:statesGentiles andnot Jewswould inherit “thekingdomofheaven” Ø330Tertullian’s “AgainsttheJews”:The“Church” istheheirtothe Abrahamic/Davidic/New Covenants.Declaredpermanence ofJewish expulsion fromJerusalem/Israel BETH DAVID MESSIAN IC CON G REG ATION 11 7/10/16 HistoryofAntiSemitism/ Supersessionism:341 Ø341Council ofAntioch: forbadeChristians fromcelebratingPassover Ø350Christian EmperorConstantius: forbadeChristian/Jewish marriage Ø380Chrysostom:“Homilies againsttheJews”:“Jewsaregathering choruses ofeffeminatesandagreatrubbish heapofharlots” Ø379-395RomanEmperor Theodosius makesChristianitytheofficial statereligion, givingfullpowertothesupersessionists.Theological declarations becameoutwardlyviolentandmilitant. BETH DAVID MESSIAN IC CON G REG ATION BETH DAVID MESSIAN IC CON G REG ATION 12 7/10/16 BETH DAVID MESSIAN IC CON G REG ATION 13