Download Oral Law 3 - Beth David Messianic Congregation

7/10/16
TheOralLaw- 3
A PRIME R F O RME S S IA NIC BE LIE V E RS
ME S S IA NIC PA S T O RRICK A RII
BE T H DA V IDME S S IA NIC CO NGRE GAT IO N
BETH DAVID MESSIAN IC CON G REG ATION
Review:
Session1
Discussedexistingperceptionsandknowledgeregarding
Jewishliteratureand“Talmud”specifically.Whystudy
Talmud?
TheimportanceofRabbinicLiteratureforbelieversin
MessiahYeshua
JewishRole– ACovenant People(GiftandCalling)
◦ Guarding theCovenant: Exodus19:1-6,Deuteronomy
29:1,10-15
◦ Keeping theCovenant: Exodus21:12,17
Thisistheunderlying questionofTalmud:Howdoweguard
God’sCovenant?Howdo wekeep(do)it?
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Review:
Session2
Ø ExploredwhatdefinesJudaismanditscorefoundationin
theTorah
Ø Introduced the“dual”Torahanddiscussedthepluralityof
Judaisms andtheneedforunityinaspreadingdiaspora
Ø Discussedtheconcept anddiversemeaningsoftheterm,
“law”
Ø OverviewoftheTalmudicera- 250BC– 600AD,and
introduced Mishnah,Gemara,andTalmud
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Review:Mishnah–
CommentaryonTorah
Mishnah
Torah
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Review:Gemara –
CommentaryonMishnah
Gemara
Mishnah
Torah
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Review:
Mishnah+Gemara=Talmud
Gemara
Mishnah
Torah
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Review:Mishnah+Yerushalmi
Gemara =Yerushalmi Talmud
Gemara-Y
Mishnah
Torah
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Review:Mishnah+BavliGemara
=Bavli Talmud
Gemara-B
Mishnah
Torah
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Review:TheRabbinicCanon
ØMishnah
ØCommentary onTorah
ØCodifiedca.200CE
ØVoicesfrom250BCE– 200CE(Tana’im)
ØGemara
ØCommentary onMishnah
ØDevelopedintwodifferentschools(Amor’im)
Ø Insidetheland(Jerusalem/Palestinian/Yerushalmi)
Ø Outsidetheland(Babylonian/Bavil)
ØYerushalmi Talmud Codifiedca.400CE
ØBavli Talmud Codifiedca.600CE
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Assignmentfortheweek…
ReadNehemiahChapter 8.
Summarizeitin250wordsorless,payingcarefulattention tohowEzra
reads,interprets, andteachesfromScripture.
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Session3Overview
SessionThreewillcontinuewithadeeperlook atthe
pertinentBiblicalhistorystartingwiththegivingofTorahon
Mt.Sinai,butfocusingon theSecondTempleperiod,the
destructionoftheTemple/Jerusalem,andtheensuing
Talmudicperiod.
DetailswillincludeEzra’sroleandthedevelopment of
Scribes,Pharisees,Mishnaic voicesandthedevelopment
andcodificationoftheTalmud.
AgeofTorah:
ca.1450BC– 971BC
Ø 1450BC– MountSinai
Ø 10Commandments(writteninstone,bythefingerofGod)
Ø WrittenTorah(attributedtoMoses)
Ø OralTorah (spokentoMoses,passedtoJoshua)
Ø 1400BC– JoshualeadsIsraelintoCanaan
Ø 1350BC– EraoftheJudgesBegins
Ø 1051BC– FirstKingofIsrael:Saul
Ø 1011BC– SecondKingofIsrael:David
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FirstTemplePeriod
Ø 971BC– ThirdKingofIsrael:Solomon
Ø 960BC– FirstTempleCompleted
Ø 931BC– DividedKingdom– Judah(south) andIsrael(north)
Ø 722BC– IsraelfallstoAssyria
Ø 586BC– JudahfallstoBabylon,Jerusalem/Temple destroyed
Ø 538BC– Cyrus’Edictallowing Jewstoreturn totheirland
Ø Zerubbabel and49,697return
Ø 536BC– RebuildingoftheTemplebegins
Ø 520– 516BC– Rebuildingcomplete
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SecondTemplePeriod
Ø 516BC– RebuildingoftheTemplecompleted
Ø 457BC– EzraSenttoJudah
Ø 444-432BC– NehemiahGovernsJudah
Ø 400BCInter-testamental (silent?)Period
Ø 336– 323BC– AlexandertheGreat
Ø 331– 63BC– Ptolemaic/Selucidic ControlofTheLand
Ø 164– 63BC– Hasmonean Dynasty(Jewishself-rule)
Ø 63BC– PompeyconquersJerusalemforRome
Ø 37BC– HerodtheGreatappointedKingofJudea/Jews
Ø 20BC– HerodbeginsrefurbishingtheTemple
Ø c.6– 4BC– 30AD– LifeofYeshua
Ø 70AD– Temple/JerusalemdestroyedbyRomans
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TheChronicler
“Itiswidelyrecognizedthatthechronicler’s compilation ofEzraand
Nehemiahwasmotivatedbykeentheological interests.Themore
important themesidentified asshapingthecarefulconstruction ofthe
literature include covenantrenewalintherestoration community(e.g.,
Nehemiah8– 10),therebuilding anddedication ofthewallofJerusalem
asaphysicaldemonstration ofGod’sfulfillment ofearlier promisesto
restoretheremnantofIsrael (cf.Zeph.3:19– 20;Hag.2:1– 9),the
historical andtheological continuity betweenpreexilic andpostexilic
Israel (e.g.,theinstitution ofthetemple, installation ofofficerslikethe
priestsandtempleservants,andtheimportance oftheTorahofMoses
astheguideforHebrew religiousandsociallife,andthelegitimacyof
therestoration community’s religious, political, economic, andsocial
agendaasGod’s elect(cf.Neh.9:32– 37).”
AndrewE.Hill, JohnH.Walton,ASurveyoftheOldTestament
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Scribes=Lawyers
“ThedevelopmentofwritingsystemsintheancientNearEastledtotherise
ofaprofessionalclassofscribes,andthisheldtrueforHebrewsocietyin
OldTestamenttimes.Inpreexilic Israeltheseofficialsecretarieswerekey
figuresinbothreligiousandciviladministration(cf.2Sam8:16–17;20:23–
26).DuringtheperiodoftheHebrewmonarchiesthescribesfunctionedas
“diplomats”inaway,sincetheirexpertiseinthelanguagesandliteratureof
thedayfacilitatedinternationalcorrespondence(cf.2Kings18:18–26).The
scribesalsowrotepersonallettersandpublicdocuments(e.g.,Isa50:1;Jer
36:18)andrecordedlegal,military,andfinancialdataforthemonarchy(cf.
1Kings4:3;2Kings22:3–4;2Chron 24:11;2Chron 26:11).
“TheLevitesalsoservedasscribesandrecordersforthetemple(2Chron
34:13,15).AfterthefalloftheHebrewmonarchies,thescribalclassin
postexilicIsraelwastiedsolelytothetempleandmorenarrowlyfocusedas
tofunction.Thesetemplescribeswereessentiallyaclassofscholarswho
devotedthemselvestocopying,preserving,publishing,andinterpreting the
LawofMosesfortheHebrewpeople.Ezraisoftenidentifiedasthe
precursorofthisscribalclass(Ezra7:1–10).ByNewTestamenttimes,the
scribesformedapowerfulreligiousandpoliticalclassinJudaism.They
becamemajoropponentsoftheministryofJesus,accusinghimofviolating
Jewishlaw(cf.Matt.23:2).”
AndrewE.Hill,JohnH.Walton,ASurveyoftheOldTestament
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Metamorphosisofpriestand
scribe
Perhapsmoresignificantwasthemetamorphosisthattookplaceinthe
officesofpriestandscribe.Inthepreexilic periodascribewasahighrankingcabinetmemberofthestatebureaucracy(e.g.,2Sam.20:24– 25;2
Kings18:18)whoneverfunctionedasapriest.Theroleofthescribewas
redefinedwiththearrivalofEzra.Asapriest-scribehebecamethemodel
foralaterclassofreligiousprofessionalswhosesoletaskwasthestudyand
expositionofScripture(cf.Ezra7:10).Thelong-termramificationsofthis
restructuringofHebrewsocietyemergedintheattitudesandteachingsof
laterJudaism.Unfortunately,theconsequencesforHebrewreligionwere
mostlynegative.Yetthehistoricalandtheologicaldevelopmentstraced
fromthepostexilicperiodthroughtheintertestamental periodcontribute
greatlytotheunderstandingofNewTestamentbackgrounds,especially
Jesus’encounterswiththereligiouseliteofPalestineinthefirstcenturyAD.
Forexample,thezealousbutmisguidedappealtoMosaiclawfor
communityruleeventuallyledtoapharisaicallegalismthattithed“pepper
seeds”withruthlesscalculationbutignoredtheveryessenceofTorah—
faith,justice,andmercy(Matt.23:23
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Metamorphosisofpriestand
scribe
Toensurecommunityobediencetocovenantstipulationsrelatedtopersonalpurity,
theMosaiccodewas“fencedin”orsupplementedbyalegalhedgecalledtheoral
law,or“traditionoftheelders”(cf.Matt.15:1– 9).Graduallythesupplementalcode
displacedtheprimarycodeofMoses,promptingJesustodecryareligionthat
neglectedthelawofGodtoclingtothetraditionsofmen(cf.Mark7:1– 9).Theidea
ofHebrewexclusivenessfosteredbyEzraslowlydegeneratedintoanunhealthy
preoccupationwiththeseparationfromthe“unclean”lifestyleoftheGentiles.Asa
result,themajorityoftheJewswereblindedtotheirdivinecommissionasalightto
thenations(Isa.42:6;Luke2:32)anddesensitizedtotheirownspiritualbankruptcy
(Luke5:27– 31;10:25– 37).Finally,thestudyandteachingofthelawofMoses
continuedtobedivorcedfromthepriesthood.Fortheirpart,thepriestsweremore
concernedaboutpoliticalandeconomicissuesduetotheinfluenceofHellenismon
therulingaristocracyofJerusalem.ByNewTestamenttimes,however,aprofessional
classofscribesor“lawyers”hadusurpedthepriestlyroleasspiritualleadersofthe
people.Jesuscondemnedthemaslittlemorethan“blindguides”and“whitewashed
tombs”(Matt.23:16,27).Smallwonderthemultitudeswereastoundedatthe
teachingofJesusasonewhospokewithauthority(cf.Mark1:22)!
Hill,AndrewE.;Walton,JohnH.(2010-05-11).ASurveyoftheOldTestament(Kindle
Locations5458-5477).Zondervan.KindleEdition.
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Significantshifts– 2nd temple
period
ØLanguage
Ø C.255SeptuagintcompletedinAlexandria
Ø RememberPhilo?
Ø 196RosettaStoneTributetoPtolemyVwritteninGreek, Egyptian
hieroglyphsandEgyptiandemotic
ØRulership /Occupation
Ø342-332PersianRuleofEgypt
Ø332AlexandertheGreatconquersEgypt/Palestine
Ø Hellenizationbegins
Ø331Ptolemaic(Egyptian)Control
Ø198Seleucid(Syrian)Control
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PostTemplePeriod
Ø 63– 70JewishRevolt
Ø 70– Destruction oftheTempleandJerusalem
ØMessianicbelieversinJerusalem flee toPela
Ø40?– 100ApostolicWritingsemerge
Ø 135BarKochba Revolt
Ø 40– 425Pharasaic Center Relocates
Ø 70fromJerusalemtoYavne
Ø 140Yavne toUsha
Ø Usha toShefaram
Ø 170Shefarim toBeitShe’arim
Ø 200BeitShe’arim toTzippori (Sephoris)
Ø 250Tzippoi toTiberias
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HistoryofAntiSemitism/
Supersessionism:115-210
Ø115Ignatius,bishop ofAntioch: “Forifevenuntothisdayweliveafter
themannerofJudaism,weavowthatwehavenotreceivegrace.”
Ø120Epistle ofBarnabas:“Oursitis;buttheylostitinthiswayforever”
Ø150Justin Martyr
Ø“DialoguewithTrypho theJew:” “ChrististheIsraelandtheJacob,we… are
thetrue Israelite race...”
Ø“you[thoseofthecircumcision]alonemaysufferthatwhichyounowjustly
suffer;andthatyourlandmaybedesolate,andyourcitiesburnedwithfire”
Ø165Melito, bishopofSardis:“...thepeoplewasmadevoidwhenthe
church arose.”
Ø210Hippolytus ofRome:declared theJewseternallyrejected byGod,
guiltyoflilling Jesus
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HistoryofAntiSemitism/
Supersessionism:220– 330
Ø220Origen:Expressedhis“utterconfidence” thattheJewswere
foreverrejectedbyGod
Ø306TheChurch SynodofElvira:restricts socialinteractions withJews
Ø315Emperor Constantine: EdictofMilanforbidsJewsfromlivingin
Jerusalem;convertsfromChristianity toJudaismtobeburned alive
Ø325Council ofNicaea:Separates“Easter”from“Passover,”severing
commonalitywith Jewishroots
Ø320Cyprian, Bishop ofCarthage:statesGentiles andnot Jewswould
inherit “thekingdomofheaven”
Ø330Tertullian’s “AgainsttheJews”:The“Church” istheheirtothe
Abrahamic/Davidic/New Covenants.Declaredpermanence ofJewish
expulsion fromJerusalem/Israel
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HistoryofAntiSemitism/
Supersessionism:341
Ø341Council ofAntioch: forbadeChristians fromcelebratingPassover
Ø350Christian EmperorConstantius: forbadeChristian/Jewish marriage
Ø380Chrysostom:“Homilies againsttheJews”:“Jewsaregathering
choruses ofeffeminatesandagreatrubbish heapofharlots”
Ø379-395RomanEmperor Theodosius makesChristianitytheofficial
statereligion, givingfullpowertothesupersessionists.Theological
declarations becameoutwardlyviolentandmilitant.
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