Download Culture Counts Chapter 8 Sex and Gender NEITHER MAN NOR

Culture Counts
Chapter 8
Sex and Gender
I.
NEITHER MAN NOR WOMAN: THE HIJRAS OF INDIA
1. What is a hijra?
2. At what sort of celebrations do they perform?
3. Explain the “operation”.
4. What do hijras do when celebrating the birth of a male baby?
5. Because they are born male, hijras are mainly perceived as ___________________ but
they are also thought of as _________________________.
6. They are also considered _____________________ because they cannot bear children.
7. Explain gender roles.
8. Who are the mahu?
9. Who are the xanith?
10. Who are the two spirits?
11. Most of these roles involve _____________ who adopt _________, _____________, and
_________________, but there are also _______________________________ as well.
12. When does sexual assignment take place?
13. It is assumed to be _____________________.
14. Most people take for granted that ____________ is the same as ____________ and
comes in _________________________________.
15. Every culture acknowledges the biological differences between male and female.
However there is great _______________________________________________.
II.
SEX AND GENDER AS CULTURAL CONSTRAINTS
16. What does “sex” refer to?
17. What does “gender” refer to?
18. In many cultures, genders are not limited to _______________ and ______________.
19. Gender roles are not ___________________ determined but are rather ____________
constructed.
20. Explain the work conducted by Margaret Mead as well as the results.
21. What is cultural construction?
22. What is gender ideology?
III.
GENDER, CULTURE, AND ART
23. Explain Clifford Geertz’ concept of “deep play”.
IV.
BULLFIGHTING IN SPAIN
24. Explain the etic perspective.
25.
26.
27.
28.
Explain the emic perspective.
How is the bullfighter supposed to behave?
What is the point of a bullfight?
What do the matador and the bullfighter symbolize?
V.
ART AND GENDER IDENTITY: FRIDA KAHLO
29. What is one of the more obvious functions of the arts?
30. Who is Frida Kahlo?
31. What sort of cultural and gender issues are reflected in her art?
VI.
CULTURAL VARIATION IN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
32. Although sexual activity is most often viewed as “what comes naturally”, a cross-cultural
perspective demonstrates that human sexual activity is
___________________________________________________________________.
33. What is erotic in some cultures is ____________________ in others.
34. Who did the Tahitians learn to kiss from?
35. How did the Tahitians begin sexual intimacy before they learned kissing?
36. In some societies (America), homosexual activity is considered _____________________
or _________________________ but elsewhere it is a matter of ___________________
or ___________________________.
37. Explain the homosexual practice that occurs among the Sambia of New Guinea.
38. What are their views on women?
39. What are their views on semen?
40. Explain the ritual involving semen.
41. As adults, are to have ________________________ marriages.
42. What four aspects of sexuality are patterned and regulated by culture and affect sexual
response and behavior?
43. Explain the Inis Bing’s culture in regard to sex.
44. Explain the woman’s role in sexual relations.
45. What are some of the cultural patterns related to the sexual repression with the Inis
Bing?
46. Describe the views held by the Mangaia toward sex.
47. What are both Mangaia men and women supposed to experience during relations?
VII.
GENDER IDEOLOGY AND WOMEN’S SEXUALITY
48. What are the consequences of gender ideology of most cultures?
49. How do men control the women?
50. In many cultures, male control of female sexuality is central to notions of
________________ and ______________________.
51. Islam is a ____________ religion.
52. One primary practice is __________________ for women.
53.
54.
55.
56.
Islam ideologies of and practices of women’s ____________ in different cultures.
What is the much debated attire for Muslim women?
What different meanings does the hijab have?
Although the hijab has been banned in some places, in America it is less of an issue
because of ________________________________.
VIII.
MALE AND FEMALE RITES OF PASSAGE
57. Explain rites of passage.
IX.
MALE RITES OF PASSAGE
58. What are the functions of male rites of passage?
59. Explain male rites of passage?
60. What is a widespread cultural pattern that men perform?
61. Explain the manhood puzzle.
X.
FEMALE RITES OF PASSAGE
62. Explain menarche and why it is important.
63. What are some of the interpretations of female initiation rites?
XI.
POWER AND PRESTIGE: GENDER STRATIFICATION
64. What is gender stratification?
65. What have anthropologists long debated about dominance?
66. What five elements do anthropologists look at when addressing this question?
67. Explain the theory of the public/private dichotomy.
68. What is Peggy Sanday’s view on male dominance?
XII.
GENDER RELATIONS: COMPLEX AND VARIABLE
69. Define patriarchy.
70. Define matriarchy.
71. In matriarchies, explain the power that women hold.
72. In matriarchies, do women hold equal power to that of men in patriarchies?
73. Instead of universal male dominance, anthropologists now focus upon
_____________________________________.
XIII.
GENDER RELATIONS IN FORAGING SOCIETIES
74. How did early anthropologists view hunting and foraging societies?
75. However, modern ethnographic studies have shown that women
___________________________________________________.
76.
77.
78.
79.
What is an important source of female power?
Describe the Tlingit of the Northwest Coast of North America.
What is a core cultural value of the Tlingit?
What sort of positions do Tlingit women hold?
XIV.
GENDER RELATIONS IN HORTICULTURE SOCIETIES
80. In what societies do women generally have more autonomy and power?
81. In what societies do women generally have less autonomy and power?
82. In some horticulture societies, a high degree of sex segregation is associated with
______________________________.
83. What is the solidarity of horticultural women based on?
84. What was the impact of European expansion on women in horticultural societies?
85. Explain what the Nukumanu society was like before German occupation.
86. What happened to the Nukumanu after the German occupation?
XV.
GENDER RELATIONS IN PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES
87. Who tends to dominate pastoral and agricultural societies?
88. Generally, women’s contribution to the food supply is ________________ and some of
her tasks are ___________________________________________________________.
89. Explain the Tuareg of the central Sahara.
90. How is the traditionally high status of Tuareg women being undermined?
91. What does machine technology do to the labor force?
XVI.
GENDER RELATIONS IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
92. Why do foreign aid and development programs ignore?
93. Some development programs may actually increase ________________________.
94. Explain the fieldwork of Ann Dunham.
95. What affects women’s status in modern, stratified societies?
96. Is the status of women equal to men in the United States? Please explain.