Download Organisms

Organisms
Structure, Function and
Behavior
Kingdoms
Organisms are separated into kingdoms based
on certain characteristics:
Number of cells
Type of cells
Mode of nutrition
Environmental conditions
Eubacteria - Bacteria
• Type of cell: Prokaryotic (No membrane bound
organelles)
• How many cells: Unicellular
• Nutrition: Most are heterotrophic, decomposers
(Feed off decaying organisms)
• Reproduction – Binary fission
• Anaerobic and aerobic
Eubacteria - Bacteria
• Examples:
– Bacteria, blue-green algae
Streptococcus
Blue-green algae
Archaebacteria Thermoacidophiles
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Type of cell: Prokaryotic
How many cells: Unicellular
Nutrition: Heterotrophic, decomposers
Reproduction – Binary fission
Obligate anaerobes - death by oxygen
Live in extreme environments – High
temperature, high salinity, high acidity
Archaebacteria
• They are genetically unique to both other
prokaryotic cells and eukaryotes
Kingdom Protista
Ameoba, Euglena, Volvox
• Type of cell: Eukaryotic
• How many cells: Unicellular, colonial, and
multicellular
• Nutrition: Autotrophic and heterotrophic
• Reproduction: Reproduce by meiosis and
mitosis
• They include animal-like, plant-like, and
fungi-like organisms
• The junk drawer of the classification
system
Kingdom Protista
Fungi – Mushrooms, Mold
• Type of cell: Eukaryotic (Has membrane
bound organelles)
• How many cells: Multicellular
• Nutrition: Heterotrophic, decomposers
• Reproduction – Both Sexual and Asexual
reproduction
• Many mushrooms are deadly when
consumed
Fungi
Amanita
Plantae - plants
• Type of cell: Eukaryotic
• How many cells: Multicellular
• Nutrition: Autotrophic (Make own food –
Photosynthesis)
• Reproduction – Both Sexual and Asexual
reproduction
• We will learn plants in detail later
Plantae
Animalia
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Type of cell: Eukaryotes
• 9 Primary Phyla
How many cells: Multicellular
– Porifera
– Cnideria
Nutrition: Heterotrophic
– Platyhelmenthes
Reproduction: Sexual and
– Nematoda
Asexual
– Annelida
• 35 phyla total
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Mollusca
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Chrodata
Stelletta
Porifera – The
sponges
Barrel sponges
Demospongiae
Platyhelminthes - Flatworms
Nematoda - Roundworms
Roundworm
Hookworm
Leech
Phylum Annelida
Bristleworms
Phylum Mollusca
Phylum Arthropoda
Echinodermata –
Sea stars and sea
urchins
Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
– Subphylum Vertebrata
• Class – Agnatha
Chondrichthyes
Osteichthyes
Amphibia
Reptilia
Aves
Mammalia
Agnatha
Chondrichthyes
Chondrichthyes
Osteichthyes
Amphibia
Reptilia
Aves
Mammalia
• Internal
Reproduction
• External
Symmetry
• Bilateral symmetry – right half is a mirror of
the left
– Organized along a longitudinal axis
– Anterior and posteriors can be different
• Radial symmetry -parts are arranged
symmetrically around a central axis.
• No symmetry
Germ layers
• Tissue type found in early embryonic
development.
– Develops into organs
• Ectoderm – Outermost layer
– Becomes the skin and nervous system
– Nerve cord and brain
• Mesoderm – Middle layer
– Becomes blood and bones
• Endoderm – Innermost layer
– Becomes viscera or digestive system
Invertebrates Vs. Vertebrates
• Invertebrate organisms – Lack backbone
– All phyla except phylum Chrodata
– 98% of all known species
• Vertebrate organisms – All organisms that
have a backbone
– Phylum Chordata
– Only 2% of known species
Variations in Vertebrate
Organisms
• Outer coverings – skin, shell, scales,
feathers
• Skeletal composition – Bone or cartilage
• Complexity of body systems – Simple to
advanced
• Habitat and behavior
• Reproduction and egg types – internal or
external fertilization, Amniotic egg
Amniotic Egg Parts
• Amnion – Fluid filled membrane surrounding the
embryo
– Prevents dehydration and cushions the embryo
• Shell – Calcium and protein layer around the embryo
that protects it while allowing gas and liquid diffusion
• Yolk – Food supply for embryo
• Albumen – (Egg white) protects and provides nutrition
to the embryo
• Allantois – Membrane sac that collects waste
• Chorion – Membrane that surrounds the yolk,
allentois, amnion, and embryo. Allows for gas
exchange
Thermoregulation in Organisms
• Ectothermic
– Get heat from the environment
– Regulation:
• Behavior – Move to burrow when hot, sunbath when cold
– Examples: Fish, Reptiles, Amphibians
• Endothermic
– Use metabolism to produce their own heat
– Regulation:
• Goosbumps, Shivering, Panting
• Behaviors – Clothing/fur, Move to warm or cool areas
– Examples: Birds, mammals
Categories of Information
• Mode of Transport – How they move materials
through their bodies?
• Excretion – How do they remove wastes?
• Respiration – How do they exchange gases?
• Regulation – How do they maintain homeostasis?
• Mode of Nutrition – How do they get and digest
nutrients?
• Synthesis – How or do they produce their own food?
• Reproduction – How do they reproduce?
• Growth and Development – What stages of growth
do they go through and how does it occur?
Invertebrates
Phylum Porifera - Sponges
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Aquatic
Sessile (Stationary)
Filter feeder
No tissues, organs, or
organ systems
• 2 cell layers
– Endoderm
– Ectoderm
• Asymmetrical
Phylum Porifera - Sponges
• Mode of Transport
– Diffusion using flagella
• Excretion
– Diffusion using flagella
• Respiration
– Diffusion using flagella
• Regulation
– Cell to cell communication
• Mode of Nutrition
– Heterotrophic
– Filter feeders
• Synthesis
– Cellular Respiration
• Reproduction
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Hermaphroditic
Sexual (Release sperm into current)
Asexual (Budding)
Free swimming larva
• Growth and Development
– Ejected sperm and egg combine
making a free swimming larva
– Larva settles, becomes sessile and
grows into adulthood
Cnidarians – Hydra and Jellyfish
• Radial symmetry
• 2 cell layers
• All members have stinging
cells - Cnidocytes
Phylum Cnidaria – Jellyfish,
Coral, Sea anemones, Hydra
• Mode of Transport
– Diffusion
• Synthesis
– Cellular Respiration
• Excretion
– Diffusion
• Respiration
– Diffusion
• Regulation
• Reproduction
– Asexual reproduction occurs through
budding.
– Sexual reproduction occurs in the
medusa stage.
– Gravitational sensory organ
• Growth and Development
– Photoreceptor organ
– Body plan is a polyp (Vase shaped)
– Nerve net
or a medusa (upside down bowl
• Mode of Nutrition
shaped)
– Heterotrophic
– Gastrovascular cavity where
extracellular digestion occurs
Phylum Platyhelminthes –
Flatworms (Tapeworms)
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Bilateral symmetry
No body cavities (Acoelomates)
One opening
Now have 3 cell layers
Some now have true tissues and
organs
• Mostly aquatic
• Some are parasites on humans –
Lung fluke
– Steals nutrients and causes cysts
Phylum Platyhelminthes – Flatworms
(Tapeworms)
• Mode of Transport
– Diffusion
• Excretion
– Diffusion
• Respiration
– Diffusion
• Regulation
– Photoreceptor organ
– Simple brain called a ganglion
and a ventral nerve cord.
• Mode of Nutrition
– Heterotrophic
– Gastrovascular cavity using
enzymes
– Parasitic flatworms rely on the
host for digestion.
• Synthesis
– Cellular Respiration
• Reproduction
– Asexual reproduction through
fragmentation or fission.
– Sexual reproduction
– Hermaphrodites
• Growth and Development
– Some parasitic flatworms have
several juvenile stages with
intermediate hosts before
reaching maturity in a final
host
Platyhelminthes Platyhelminthes
- Flatworms
Phylum Nematoda – Roundworms
(Hookworms, Pinworms)
• Bilateral symmetry
• Pseudocoelom - Cavity not lined
with mesoderm
• Separate areas for ingestion and
egestion
• 3 cell layers
• Unsegmented worms
• Live in ALL environments
• Many are free living parasites
• They have a tough cuticle for
protection
Phylum Nematoda – Roundworms
(Hookworms, Pinworms)
• Mode of Transport
– Active transport and
Diffusion
• Excretion
– Diffusion through
excretory tubes
– Anus
• Respiration
– Diffusion
• Regulation
– Simple nervous system
called ganglia
• Mode of Nutrition
– Heterotrophic
– Long tube shaped digestive
tract with mouth and anus
• Synthesis
– Cellular Respiration
• Reproduction
– Sexual with separate sexes
– Internal fertilization
• Growth and Development
– 2 or 3 hosts may be involved
in life cycle
Nematoda - Roundworms
Roundworm
Hookworm
Phylum Annelida – Segemented
worms (Earthworm, Leeches)
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Bilateral symmetry
Coelom – Body cavity
Separate areas for ingestion and egestion
3 cell layers
Segmented worms
Complex digestive, excretory, muscular, and
circulatory systems
Phylum Annelida – Segemented worms
(Earthworm, Leeches)
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• Mode of Transport
– Active transport and Diffusion
– Closed circulatory system
with hearts
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• Excretion
– Metabolic wastes removed
•
by nephridia
– Solid wastes removed at
anus
• Respiration
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– Diffusion through skin
– Skin must stay moist
• Regulation
– Brain and two large nerves
– Sensory organs
Mode of Nutrition
– Mostly Decomposers
– Digestive tube with a crop, gizzard
and intestine
Synthesis
– Cellular Respiration
Reproduction
– Hermaphroditic internal fertilization
– Sexual external fertilization
Growth and Development
Phylum Annelida
Leech
Bristleworms
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Phylum Mollusca – Gastropods (Snails),
Bivalves (Clams), Cephalopods (Octopus)
Bilateral symmetry
Coelom
Separate areas for ingestion and
egestion
3 cell layers
Some are sessile, some mobile
Many different body forms and
sizes
All mollusks have a soft body
Some have shells to protect the
soft body
Phylum Mollusca – Gastropods (Snails),
Bivalves (Clams), Cephalopods (Octopus)
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• Mode of Transport
– Open circulatory system
• Excretion
– Metabolic wastes (toxic
ammonia) removed by
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nephridia
– Solid wastes removed at
anus
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• Respiration
– Respiratory system - gills
• Regulation
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– Varies greatly
– Clams – simple nervous
system
– Octopi – Developed nervous
system with complex sensory
structures
Mode of Nutrition
– Omnivores (Meat and vegetation)
– Some filter feeders
– Some have radula – teeth like
structure
Synthesis
– Cellular Respiration
Reproduction
– Separate sexes with both internal
and external fertilization
– Lay eggs
Growth and Development
– Larva stage different from the adult
Phylum Mollusca
Phylum Arthropoda – Insects and Crabs
• Bilateral symmetry
• Coelom
• Separate areas for ingestion and
egestion
• 3 cell layers
• Jointed appendages and
segmented bodies
• Exoskeleton
• Undergo metamorphisis
• Very diverse mouth structures
and behavioral adaptations
Phylum Arthropoda – Insects and Crabs
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• Mode of Transport
– Open circulatory system with
a heart
• Excretion
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– Metabolic wastes (toxic
ammonia) removed by
Malpigian tubles Solid wastes •
removed at anus
• Respiration
– Aquatic – have gills
– Land – Use trachioles to
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transport gases
• Regulation
– Well developed nervous
system
– Well developed sensory
organs
Mode of Nutrition
– Forgut – Crop for storage
– Midgut - Stomach
– Hindgut - Excretion
Synthesis
– Cellular Respiration
Reproduction
– Separate sexes with internal
fertilization
– Lay eggs
Growth and Development
– Metamorphosis – Part of the life cycle
in which the individual's body
changes from one form to another
through a major alteration of its
tissues.
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Phylum Echinodermata – (Starfish, Sand
dollar, Sea cucumber)
Bilateral symmetry as embryo
but reverts to radial symmetry
as adult
Coelom
Separate areas for ingestion and
egestion
3 cell layers
Sessile or slow moving
Water Vascular system –
modified coelom creates
hydrostatic support for tube feet
Phylum Echinodermata – (Starfish, Sand
dollar, Sea cucumber)
Phylum Chordata – Vertebrates
• Bilateral symmetry
• Coelom
• Separate areas for ingestion and
egestion
• 3 cell layers
• Dorsal hollow nerve cord
• Notochrod
• Tail
Amphibians – Frogs, Salamanders
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• Mode of Transport
– Circulatory system
– Tadpole – 2 chambered heart
– Adult – 3 chambered heart •
• Excretion
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– Kidneys
• Respiration
– Tadpoles – have gills
– Adults – Most use lungs and •
skin
• Regulation
– Well developed nervous
system
– Well developed sensory
organs
– Brain
Mode of Nutrition
– Digestive system
– Absorption through small intestine
Synthesis
– Cellular Respiration
Reproduction
– Sexual with external fertilization
– Lay eggs
Growth and Development
– Metamorphosis
Amphibians – Frogs, Salamanders
Mud Salamander
Salamander Larva
Salamander Eggs
Mammals
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• Mode of Transport
– Circulatory system
– 4 chambered heart
• Excretion
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– Kidneys
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• Respiration
– Lungs with diaphragm
• Regulation
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– Well developed nervous
system
– Well developed sensory
organs
– Brain
Mode of Nutrition
– Mammary glands
– Digestive system
– Absorption through small intestine
Synthesis
– Cellular Respiration
Reproduction
– Sexual with internal fertilization
– Few lay eggs
Growth and Development
– Egg - Monotremes
– Pouch - Marsupials
– Uterus - Placentals
Mammalia - Monotremes
Mammalia - Marsupials
Mammalia - Placentals
Animal Behavior =
Ethology
Behavior is anything an organism
does or how it acts. An organisms
behavior is affected by the
organism’s environment and by it’s
genetic make up.
Types of Animal Behavior
1. Innate behavior – genetic
Includes instincts, reflexes, taxis
2. Learned behavior – acquired during the life
of the organism and mainly influence by the
environment.
Innate Behaviors
• Instincts are complex behaviors such as
nest building
• Reflexes are simples responses that need
no complex thought such as running when
scared.
• Taxis is a response made by the organism to
a stimulus in its environment.
Learned Behaviors
• Learned behaviors are acquired during the
life of the organism and may take a long time
to perfect.
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Imprinting
Conditioning or association
Habituation
Trial and error
Reasoning
Biological Rhythms
• Rhythmic behavior is an innate behavior
related to time.
• Circadian rhythm (24 hour cycle)
Governs eating and sleeping
• Annual rhythms (yearly or seasonal)
Might govern reproduction, migration, hibernation