Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Source–sink dynamics wikipedia , lookup
Biogeography wikipedia , lookup
Renewable resource wikipedia , lookup
Soundscape ecology wikipedia , lookup
Biodiversity action plan wikipedia , lookup
Habitat conservation wikipedia , lookup
Reconciliation ecology wikipedia , lookup
Molecular ecology wikipedia , lookup
Theoretical ecology wikipedia , lookup
Wilsey Spring 2007 Bio 211 A theory must be: 1. testable 2. falsifiable 3. measurable 4. reproducible 5. objective Hypothesis – educated guess Theory – broad explanation for phenomena (more evidence) Radiometric Dating – isotope half-life, radioactive decay Timeline of Life: 1. first prokaryotic cell 2. cyanobacteria - photosynthesis 3. endosymbiosis - eukaryotes 4. multicellular organisms Biology – scientific study of life Definition of Life: 1. organized structure 2. converts energy and material to different forms 3. homeostasis 4. grow and reproduce 5. respond to stimuli 6. capacity to evolve molecule->organelle->cell->tissue>organ->organism->population>community->ecosystem->biosphere Domain-Kingdom-Phylum-Class-OrderFamily-Genus-Species Taxonomy – name and classify based on physical traits Three Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) 1. no nucleus 2. no membrane-bound organelles 3. shapes: spherical, rod, spiral 4. gram + have more peptidoglycan 5. gram – have less peptidoglycan 6. aerobic or anaerobic 7. autotroph or heterotroph 8. carbon source: organic matter or CO2 9. energy source: chemical or sunlight Mass Review ARCHAEA 1. methanogens – produce methane 2. halophiles – live in high salt environments 3. thermophiles – live in extreme heat environments BACTERIA Involved in: 1. Nitrogen fixation 2. Decomposition 3. Pathogens 4. Digestion in animals 5. Antibiotics Proteobacteria Chlamydias Spirochetes Gram + Cyanobacteria PROTISTS -Most diverse group -Eukaryotic Diplomonads Euglinids Alveolata 1. dinoflagellates 2. plasmodium 3. ciliates Stramenopila Rhodophyta Chlorophyta Mycetozoa Amoeba PLANTS -eukaryotic and multicellular -photosynthetic -cell wall, chloroplasts -alternation of generations [Figure 1] -sporophyte 2n, gametophyte 1n -gametophyte is dominant in simple plants Plant Evolution 1. multicellular 2. vascular 3. seeds 4. flowers/fruits 1 Wilsey Spring 2007 Bio 211 GYMNOSPERMS Ginkgophyta Coniferophyta Cycadophyta ANGIOSPERMS Monocot 1. parallel veins 2. fibrous roots 3. flower in 3’s 4. 1 cotyledon Dicot 1. net-like veins 2. taproot 3. flower in 4 or 5’s 4. 2 cotyledons Double Fertilization Flower Types – perfect vs imperfect Coevolution (plants and animals) 1. pollinated by insects 2. flower become more attractive 3. animals eat fruits and seeds 4. seeds stick to/are eaten by animals Flower Anatomy: carpel (F) -stigma -style -ovary stamen (M) -anther -filament Problems moving from water to land: 1. water transport 2. water loss 3. support Mass Review 4. reproduction 5. environment fluctuations 6. high UV radiation FUNGI Concepts/Vocabulary: 1. eukaryotes 2. nearly all multicellular 3. closely related to animals 4. heterotrophs 5. saprobe 6. terrestrial 7. hyphae 8. mycelium 9. septa (aseptae) 10. chitin 11. sexual and asexual 12. plasmogamy 13. karyogamy 14. heterokaryotic cell 15. imperfect fungi Function as: 1. decomposers 2. spoilers 3. pathogens 4. food Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota ANIMALS Definition: 1. multicellular, eukaryotic 2. ingestive heterotroph 3. no cell wall 4. nervous and muscle tissue 5. reproduce sexually (most) 6. embryonic development controlled by hox genes Taxonomic Characterisitcs 1. presence/absence of tissues 2. symmetry (none, radial, bilateral) 3. embryonic development Germ Layers 1. ectoderm 2. mesoderm 3. endoderm 2 Wilsey Spring 2007 Bio 211 Body Cavity 1. acoelomate 2. pseudocoelomate 3. coelomate Embryonic Development 1. protostome – mouth first, spiral & determinate cleavage 2. deuterostome – anus first, radial & indeterminate cleavage 3. zygote -> 2,4,8-cell stage… -> blastula -> gastrulation -> gastrula INVERTEBRATES Parazoa: Phylum Porifera 1. sessile 2. suspension feeders 3. hermaphrodites 4. regeneration 5. no true tissues Eumetazoa, Radiata: Phylum Cnidaria 1. simple muscles and nerves 2. sac with central digestive system 3. gastrovascular cavity 5. sessile polyp, floating medusa 6. coral reefs – where dinoflagellates live Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Protostome, Lophotrochozoa: Phylum Platyhelminthis 1. triploblastic 2. acoelomate 3. moderate cephalization 4. true muscle tissue Phylum Rotifera 1. complete digestive tract 2. reproduce by parthenogenesis Phylum Mollusca 1. marine 2. soft body, hard shell 3. foot, visceral mass, mantle 4. ventral nerve cord Class Gastropoda 1. torsion Class Bivalva Mass Review Class Cephalopoda -closed circulatory system -well developed nervous system Phylum Annelida 1. metanephridia 2. cerebral ganglia 3. coelom well developed 4. segmentation Class Oligochaeta Class Polychaeta Class Hirudinea Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Protostome, Ecdysozoa: Phylum Nematoda Phylum Arthropoda 1. most successful phylum 2. head, thorax, abdomen 3. chiton exoskeleton 4. jointed appendages 5. dorsal heart 6. open circulatory system 7. ventral nerve cord Clade Trilobita Clade Chelicerata Class Arachnida -cephalothorax -chelicerae Clade Uniramia Centipedes Millipedes Insects -metamorphosis -malpighian tubules -highest diversity of any animal group Clade Crustacea -2 pairs of antennae Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Deuterostome: Phylum Echinodermata 1. spiny skin 2. sessile or sedentary 3. radial symmetry as adults 4. endoskeleton 3 Wilsey Spring 2007 Bio 211 VERTEBRATES Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Deuterostome: Phylum Chordata 1. notochord 2. dorsal, hollow, nerve cord 3. pharyngeal slits 4. muscular, post-anal tail Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Deuterostome, Phylum Chordata: Agnatha Gnathostomes Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia 1. amniotic egg 2. ectotherm Class Mammalia 1. hair 2. endothermic 3. 4-chambered heart 4. mammary glands 5. mostly vivi parous Orders of Mammals Rodentia Lagomorpha Carnivora Primates CELL CYCLE Interphase -G1, S, G2, G0 Mitosis 1. Prophase 2. Prometaphase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase 6. Cytokinesis Checkpoints 1. G1 2. G2 3. M Cancer Cells - metastasis Meiosis 1. Prophase I (tetrads) Mass Review 2. Metaphase I 3. Anaphase I 4. Telophase I ( creates 2 cells) 5. Prophase II 6. Metaphase II 7. Anaphase II 8. Telophase II (creates 4 cells GENETICS 1. model organisms 2. punnet square 3. dominant vs recessive 4. law of segregation 5. phenotype vs genotype 6. monohybrid vs dihybrid cross 7. incomplete dominance 8. ABO bloodtype 9. codominance 10. polygenic inheritance 11. recombination 12. sex chromosomes 13. barr body Mutations 1. point mutation 2. nondisjunction 3. deletion 4. duplication 5. inversion 6. reciprocal translocation EVOLUTION =change in gene frequency over time Theory of Evolution 1. explains life’s unity and diversity 2. natural selection as mechanism 3. all living things have evolved 4. changes are gradual 5. shaped by natural processes Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection 1. offspring look like parents 2. variation among individuals – inherited 3. # of offspring correlates to parent’s age 4. most fit individuals have most offspring 5. favorable variations are more common 4 Wilsey Spring 2007 Bio 211 POPULATION GENETICS 1. evolutionary fitness = # of offspring produced by an individual in a lifetime 2. if fitness differs, population will evolve 3. genotype frequencies 4. allele frequencies 5. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium p2+2pq+q2 Assumes: 1. very large population size 2. no migration 3. no mutation 4. no natural selection 5. random mating SPECIATION Biological Species 1. members successfully interbreed Prezygotic Reproductive Barriers 2. habitat isolation 3. temporal isolation 4. behavioral isolation 5. mechanical isolation 6. gametic isolation Postzygotic Reproductive Barriers 1. hybrid inviability 2. hybrid sterility 3. hybrid breakdown in F2 Key Terms: 1. allopatric speciation 2. sympatric speciation 3. introgression 4. adaptive radiation 5. anagensis 6. cladogenesis 7. macroevolution 8. allometric growth ECOLOGY 1. organisms 2. population 3. community 4. ecosystem 5. biosphere Terrestrial Biomes 1. Tundra Mass Review 2. Coniferous Forest 3. Temperate Deciduous Forest 4. Temperate Grassland 5. Desert 6. Tropical Forest 7. Savanna 8. Chaparral Aquatic Biomes -Marine 1. pelagic 2. benthic 3. photic zone 4. aphotic zone 5. abyssal zone 6. intertidal zone 7. oceanic zone -Freshwater 1. benthic 2. photic zone 3. aphotic zone (profundal) 4. littoral zone 5. limnetic zone Stratification in Lakes -spring and fall turnover Wetlands 1. basin 2. riverine 3. fringe 4. marsh – no trees 5. swamp – trees Brakish Biome (Estuary) 1. most productive aquatic biome 2. important for reproduction POPULATION ECOLOGY To estimate size: N= (# marked x # in second catch)/# recaptured Density Dispersion 1. uniform 2. random 3. clumped (most common) Exponential Equation Logistic Equation Density-Dependent Effects 1. proportional to population size 2. intraspecific interactions 5 Wilsey Spring 2007 Bio 211 3. allee effect 4. emigration 5. spread of disease Density-Independent Effects 1. weather 2. natural disasters 3. new predators “r” selection 1. variable climate, disturbed areas 2. mortality independent of pop. Density 3. high mortality rate for offspring 4. produce many offspring 5. little maternal care 6. reproduce at young age 7. small body size “K” selection 1. constant climate 2. mortality density dependent 3. long life span 4. high mortality at old age 5. larger organisms 6. more responsive to K 7. mature slowly 8. more maternal care Changes in Human Population 1. development of agriculture 2. medical revolution COMMUNITY ECOLOGY Coevolution – based on changes in fitness Fitness – survival rate x reproductive rate Interspecific Interactions 1. Competition 2. Predation 3. Herbivory (Symbioses) 4. Parasitism 5. Mutualism 6. Commensalism Intraspecific vs Interspecific vs Asymmetrical Competition Niche 1. where it lives 2. what it eats 3. when it eats No two species can occupy the same niche Mass Review Fundamental niche – where organisms could live Realized niche – where an organism does live Reasons for high number of species 1. resource partitioning 2. keystone predators 3. disturbances 4. spatial variation in environment Natural Selection favors: 1. passive defenses 2. active defenses 3. mimicry (Mullerian vs Batesian) Succession 1. Primary (newly formed habitat) 2. Secondary Biodiversity 1. richness = number of species 2. evenness = relative abundance Geographic Distribution of Biodiversity 1. energy availability 2. habitat heterogeneity 3. niche specialization 4. intermediate disturbance 5. more species on larger “island” 6. more species closer to mainland 7. metapopulations 8. sources and sinks 9. extinction vortex ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY 1. study of energy flow 2. nutrient and water cycling Energy Flow 1. primary production 2. primary consumption 3. secondary consumption Laws of Thermodynamics 1. energy cannot be created/destroyed 2. entropy always increases Food webs 1. herbivore 2. detritivore (no grazing) Nutrient Cycling – inefficient 1. Nitrogen cycle 2. Water cycle 3. Carbon cycle 6