Download Study guide Exam 2

STUDY GUIDE FOR EXAM 2 (Topics 6-12)
The second exam, on 12th March 2008, covers Topics 6-12. The lecture outlines and your notes from
class should be used as the main source of study. However, do look over the textbook, especially the
figures. All questions will be based on the lecture notes and material covered in class.
The exam will contain 40 questions, each of which will be worth 4 points, and the exam is worth 160
points. There will also be extra questions which will be bonus points over the total 160.
Pay close attention to the taxonomic groups and the bold terms in the lecture notes. Many questions
about a taxonomic group (kingdom, subkingdom, phylum, class, etc.) will include key identifying
traits, with an emphasis on unique traits or facts about the group (for example, the fact that members of
class Ctenophora move using comb-like plates of cilia). Your will be choosing the appropriate group
based on a description. If a single common name is paired with a group in the outline that name may be
an important clue for choosing the proper group name, or it may just be paired with the group name in
the answer choices (for example, Scyphozoa/jellyfish ). Also, if a particular species, genus, or other
group was mentioned in the description of a group, that detail has a good chance of showing up as one
of the clues in a question about that group.
Topic 6
●
What is heterospory, which of the different plant groups are hetersporous or homosporous.
Which groups are uniformly heterosporous? How was the evolution of heterospory important to
the evolution of seed producing plants?
●
What is the function of seeds, what is the structure of a seed – which parts are haploid, diploid
and triploid. Drawing a diagram of a seed might help. How does a seed provide terrestrial
adaptation? What plant groups produce true seeds.
●
Know the general characteristics and meaning of “gymnosperms.” What are the four phyla ?
●
Know the pine life cycle (which generations are dominant? What dependencies are present?
Any unique structures/terms?)
●
Distinguish between pollination and fertilization.
●
Topic 6/7 combined: know modern classification of seed plants (and its basis) as presented in
the notes and in class.
Topic 7
●
Know the general characteristics and meaning of “angiosperms” and phylum Anthophyta.
●
Distinguish between monocots and eudicots, what are their characteristics ?
●
Know general characteristics of the angiosperm life cycle.
●
Know the parts of a flower – the 4 flower whorls, the parts that make them up, the typical
functions of these parts, and the trends in floral evolution. Draw a typical flower and label the
following parts: peduncle, receptacle, calyx, corolla, perianth, androecium, stamen, filament,
anther, gynoecium, pistil, carpels, stigma, style, ovary
●
Know what a fruit is, why plants make fruits (to enhance seed dispersal), and the “dispersal
syndromes” associated with fruits. What tissue in a flower is the fruit derived from? Distinguish
among the several types of fleshy and dry fruits. Explain the differences among simple,
aggregate, multiple and accessory fruits.
●
Know the general characteristics of flowers associated with the described “pollination
syndromes.”
●
Know how plants may reproduce asexually, how they may inbreed, and how their sexual
reproduction can be arranged to promote outcrossing.
●
Know the advantages and disadvantages of inbreeding.
Topic 8
For this section, you could use the lecture notes and your class notes alone. You will not
necessarily need to use the textbook for this section. However, you should use the figures in the
textbook along with your notes.
●
What are plant meristems.
●
Know the 3 basic plant tissue types (4 if you include meristem) and their relationships (what
makes what).
●
What are the differences and terms associated with primary and secondary growth.
●
What are the cell types derived from different tissue types.
●
What do xylem and phloem do and what are their component cell types.
●
Know the typical root structure, both in longitudinal and cross-section [4x4(x4) root structure]
●
Know young and mature woody eudicot stem cross-sections.
●
Know stem terminology (node, internode, axillary buds, etc.).
●
Know eudicot leaf cross-section.
●
Know the different kinds of leaf arrangement - simple vs. pinnately compound vs. palmately
compound leaves, alternate vs. opposite vs. whorled leaf arrangement.
●
Know the terms associated with modified roots, stems, and leaves.
Topic 9
For this section, you could use the lecture notes and your class notes alone. You will not
necessarily need to use the textbook for this section. However, you should use the figures in the
textbook along with your notes. We did not cover “Molecular mechanisms of plant development”
Section VIII in your lecture notes. There will be no questions from this section.
●
What are the factors involved in water transport in the xylem, including ion pumping and
energy requirements.
●
Know the terms associated with xylem and water/ion transport.
●
What is the pressure flow hypothesis for movement of carbohydrate-rich phloem fluid,
including terms and details such as “sink” and “source” and “phloem loading.”
●
What are the macronutrients that make up the bulk of plant dry weight (C, O, and H).
●
Why are macro- and micronutrients needed.
●
Know the macro- and micronutrients by elemental symbol.
●
Know about what makes good soil and why soils may need nutrient supplements.
●
Know about human and plant practices to supplement soils.
●
Know about examples of nutritional adaptations – the “carnivorous” plant types covered,
associating trap types with names of plant types; and also the mutualisms with nitrogen-fixing
bacteria and fungi (mycorrhizae).
●
Know the general hallmarks of plant development.
●
Know about key structures and terms in embryo development, seed germination, and seedlings.
●
Know the concepts of totipotency, hormones, tropisms, turgor movements, and photoperiodism.
●
Know the signature effects of each of the 5 well-studied plant hormones.
●
Know about salicyclic acid, involved in plant defense responses against pathogens and
considered by many to be a plant hormone.
●
Know the types of tropisms discussed.
●
Know the relationship between phytochrome forms and flowering for short-day and long-day
plants.
Topics 10-12
●
What are the general characteristics defining Kingdom Animalia (Metazoa).
●
Know the modern classification of animals (and its basis) as presented in the notes and in class
for all groups covered (such as parazoa/porifera/sponges, eumetazoa, radiata, bilateria,
protostomes, deuterostomes. ecdysozoa, lophotrochozoa, etc.). Which groups are paraphyletic
(grades)? Monophyletic (clades)? What are the major subdivisions? What are the relationships
between the groups? To which groups do the animal phyla covered in this topic belong?
●
What are the major evolutionary trends or transitions evident in the group? Understand the
embryological changes associated with diploblastic and triploblastic organisms; protostome and
deuterostome organisms; acoelomate, pseudocoelomate and eucoelomate organisms.
●
Know the general characteristics defining Subkingdoms Parazoa and Eumetazoa.
●
Know the major transitions in body plan for Eumetazoa, and describe their importance (what
advantages did each transition bring? What challenges, if any?)
●
Know the general characteristics defining Radiata and Bilateria within Eumetazoa.
●
Know the general characteristics defining acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, and coelomates
within the Bilateria.
●
For each phylum covered, know its status regarding grade/clade (if known), symmetry, and (if
in Bilateria) body cavity; also, know key distinguishing characteristics of the phylum.
●
For each class covered, know what phylum it belongs to, know its status regarding grade/clade
(if known), and know any key distinguishing characteristics of the class.