Download Contamination and effects of plastic debris in the marine environment

Tuesday, September 26
S3 (1)
Towards common ecosystem reference points for North Pacific ecosystems
Robert Blasiak1,2
1
Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Sweden
Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
E-mail: [email protected]
2
Sustainable management of marine resources is a particular challenge in the North Pacific, due
among other things to high levels of climate variability, diverse ecosystems, and varying
assessment methodologies. Identifying a number of common ecosystem reference points that can
be applied to ecosystems in the North Pacific could provide a stronger basis for productive
communication and cooperation on the management of marine resources. This talk will focus on
examples of ecosystem reference points being used by member nations as well as relevant
indicators identified by PICES working groups. Existing commonalities and differences will be
considered, as well as the general or specific applicability of such indicators to ecosystems in the
North Pacific.
S6 (1)
Interannual variability of oceanographic conditions in the Northwest Pacific and FarEastern Seas and examples of its fisheries effects
Elena I. Ustinova and Yury D. Sorokin
Pacific Fisheries Research Centre (TINRO-Centre), Vladivostok, Russia
E-mail: [email protected]
This presentation is devoted to the structure and possible mechanisms of interannual variability
of oceanographic conditions and its fisheries effects. In the Far-Eastern Seas the air and water
temperature total variance is contributed mainly high-frequency oscillations (quasi-biannual and
ENSO scales), while the major part of variance of ice cover is formed by low-frequency
oscillations with time-scale ≥ 10 years. There are certain seasonal and regional features of the
interannual variability structure. In winter and northward the shift of the spectral maximum
toward low frequencies occurs. Shorter cycles prevailed in the Subarctic frontal zone and in the
Tatar Strait, but here the periodical components are represented weakly. Interannual variability
of coastal SST is maximal in summer or autumn. Low predictability of year-to-year variability is
associated essentially with instability of quasi-biennially oscillations. Seasonal and mesoscale
processes affecting the migration patterns and fishing ground of small pelagic fish influences on
the interannual variability, especially in the Subarctic frontal zone. Obvious example is the
impact of the Kuroshio and Oyashio branches seasonal dynamics and the presence and position
of the large anticyclonic eddy east off Hokkaido Island in summer and autumn. This eddy
influences the fishery of saury, mackerel and sardines during 2-3 years. Another example of the
short-term impact of unfavorable factors leading to long-continued consequences is the extreme
winter-spring cooling in 1963 in the Kuroshio-Oyashio system, which caused a mass mortality at
early stage of small pelagic fish. Regime shifts played "dramatic" role too, because of abrupt
change.
S8 (2)
Sato umi concept and sustainable aquaculture implementation in the coastal area of
indonesia
Suhendar I Sachoemar1, Mitsutaku Makino2, Mark L. Wells3 Ratu Siti Aliah1, Masahito Hirota4
and Tetsuo Yanagi5
1
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), Indonesia
E-mail: [email protected]
2
Fisheries Research and Education Agency (FREA), Japan
3
Maine System University, Orono, USA
4
Fisheries Research Agency (FRA), Yokohama, Japan
5International
5
EMECS Center, Japan
Research Institute for Applied Mechanics (RIAM), Kyushu University, Japan
Since 2013, PICES (The North Pacific Marine Science Organization) and BPPT (Agency
for the Assessment and Application of Technology) has developed a collaboration research
on the Implementation and Promotion of Sato-Umi concept in Indonesia by developing
demonstration pond experiment and international workshop. Three demonstrations pond
experiment of the IMTA (Integrated Multi Tropic Aquaculture) on the basis of bio-recycle
system has been developed with providing good result for scientific and practical use. The
first experiment result by using a large pond of 4000 m2 with 4 (four) ponds treatment
shows that the IMTA model has provided a good result in water quality stability i.e. DIN
and DIP are lower than monoculture. In the total biomass of the IMTA shows also a good
performance on total biomass, compare to the monoculture system. The almost similar
result in water quality stability and biomass performance was also found on the second and
third experiment using smaller pond of 1000 m2 with slight differ on the DIN and DIP
performance. It shows that the area, pond condition and completeness of the IMTA
components affected performance of water quality stability and biomass production. To
disseminate SATO-UMI concept, the international workshop and training on SATO-UMI
for sustainable aquaculture has been conducted in 2013 (Jakarta), 2014 (Karawang-West
Java) and Pekalongan (Central Java), 2015 and 2016 in Jakarta and Bantaeng (South
Sulawesi), respectively. The objective of the workshop is to inspire and give new spirit to
manage coastal and marine resources optimally, harmonious and productive to improve
human well-being.
When the nets leave the waters: A Community Needs Assessment for the lost fishing
communities of Pacific Coastal Guatemala – Balancing Ocean and Human Health
Charles Trick1, Vera L. Trainer2, William Cochlan3 and Julian Herndon4
1Western
University, London, ON, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]
Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, Seattle, WA, USA
3San Francisco State University, Tiburon, CA, USA
4Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of WashingtonNOAA, Seattle, WA, USA
2Northwest
As part of the PICES-led scientific mission to assess changes in the relationship between
coastal communities, the health of community members and their connection with coastal
marine resources, we have been working with two Pacific coastal towns in Guatemala. In
collaboration with our local colleagues (Leonel Carrillo, Director, Center for the Study of
the Sea and Aquaculture (CEMA) and Professor Carolina Marroquin, University of San
Carlos), we have engaged in a series of conversations with community members from two
geographically isolated villages along the Pacific coast of Guatemala - Las Lisas and
Monterrico. Our goal was to identify the factors that influence the balance between
sustainable human communities and productive marine ecosystems. Specifically,
considering the on-going global changes in climate, the real or perceived loss of coastal
fisheries, and human social and economic conditions, the project objectives are two-fold: 1)
to determine how marine ecosystems support human well-being and 2) to identify how
human communities support sustainable and productive marine ecosystems. “Sato-umi,”
from the Japanese socio-ecological model, which recognizes the well-balanced availability
of various ecosystem services, and a community needs assessment (CNA) were considered
in the generation of a model of risk assessment.
The significance of this work illustrates the considerable risks to the fabric of community
structure and helps define the specific concept of “wellness,” when fisheries are lost due to
climate shifts or to the expansive global fishing fleet. These communities, the “poster
children” of a vast number of communities faced with diminishing marine resources, are
integral to our understanding of the costs of altered marine ecosystems.
S12 (1)
From regional to global-scale understanding of tuna food webs
Jock W. Young (and the CLIOTOP trophodynamics team)
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Tasmania, Australia
E-mail: [email protected]
Most marine food web studies are by necessity regional in nature. They are limited in time and
space. Predicting the impacts of major global changes such as ocean warming on marine food
webs, particularly of top predators is limited. This is particularly true for the tunas that travel vast
differences and through multiple country jurisdictions. It also means that predictive models for
one region may not be applicable to another. I present here the development and application of a
global data base that aimed to bring data from different regions to examine the impact of ocean
warming on marine trophodynamics, in this case three tuna species, yellowfin (Thunnus
albacares), bigeye (T. obesus) and albacore (T. alalunga) tuna. I present data from both stomach
contents and biochemical approaches and discuss their relative advantages. Two hypotheses are
presented. First, the likely increase in smaller midtrophic prey with ocean warming and second,
the “tropicalization” of diets to less nutritious prey and the potential decrease in productivity.
S13 (1)
Farooq Azam (Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, USA)
Microbial Structuring of Marine Ecosystems: Significance for carbon cycling,
climate and fisheries
Farooq Azam
La Jolla, California, U.S.A.. E-mail: [email protected]
Microbial interactions within the ocean carbon cycle are a major uncertainty in predicting
the future ocean biogeochemical state and climate. Microbes’ metabolic actions
profoundly influence, qualitatively as well as quantitatively, the behavior of the fixed
carbon—affecting carbon sequestration, energy flow to the fisheries and oceanatmosphere exchange of CO2. These microbial interactions occur at the nanometer
(molecular) to millimeter spatial scales of the conceptualized organic matter continuum
of the ocean. I will discuss progress and challenges in understanding the mechanistic
bases of these interactions and how they are providing novel insights and hypotheses
on the ocean’s biogeochemical dynamics and molecular connectivity. A biochemical
view of the ocean biogeochemical state and dynamics should help better predict marine
ecosystems’ response to climate change with implications for carbon export and
sequestration, ecosystem services, and broadly for global habitability.
Thursday, September 28
S2 (1)
Contamination and effects of plastic debris in the marine environment
Chelsea M. Rochman
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]
Discarded plastics are now globally ubiquitous across freshwater and marine habitats. Much of
this material is smaller than 5 mm in size, and is referred to as microplastics. As a consequence
of widespread contamination, microplastics have been reported in a great diversity of marine
habitats and animals. Plastic pollution, big and small, is made up of a diversity of polymers and
are associated with a cocktail of chemicals, including those that are added during manufacturing
(i.e. BPA, PBDEs, phthalates, lead) and that sorb to the material from ambient seawater (e.g.,
DDT, PCBs, PAHs, copper). It is now understood that plastics and their associated chemicals can
have adverse impacts at several levels of biological organization – from suborganismal to
population and assemblage. As such, there is concern regarding whether and how plastic
pollution poses a threat to the marine environment, wildlife and humans. Using recent insights
from my own work and the work of others, this presentation will review the contamination of
plastic debris in marine ecosystems, the impacts of plastic debris and associated chemicals on
animals and potential impacts to human health.
S4 (2)
The mechanisms influencing the timing, success and failure of spawning in natural
populations of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius in the northwestern Sea of
Japan
Peter Zhadan1 and Marina Vaschenko2
1
V.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute (POI), FEB RAS, Vladivostok, Russia. E-mail:
[email protected]
2
National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, FEB RAS, Vladivostok, Russia
In the course of the study of the reproductive cycle of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus
intermedius (A. Agassiz, 1863) in wild populations along the coast of the Primorye region of
Russia (northwestern Sea of Japan) we found that, despite the seasonal maturation of gonads by
100% of individuals, spawning did not occur for 20–90% of S. intermedius individuals in some
years. We proposed that spawning failure is attributable to the absence of natural signal/signals
necessary for induction of sea urchin spawning. To test this hypothesis, we developed a complex
methodological approach that included video recording of sea urchin spawning behaviour (at 1min intervals) in combination with automatic datalogging of environmental variables(tide level,
temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll a and oxygen concentrations) in the habitats of the study
animals (at 10-min intervals). The study was conducted in two bays, Kievka Bay (42.830 N,
133.691 E) and Alekseev Bay (42.981N, 131.730E), differing by levels of primary
production. A significant positive correlation (p < 0.001) was found between chlorophyll a
concentration and the average hourly frequency of S. intermedius spawning events, as assessed
through video recording, whereas there were no such correlations for temperature, salinity,
dissolved oxygen or tidal activity. Our studies revealed the following hierarchy of biotic and
abiotic factors influencing S. intermedius spawning: (1) increasing the phytoplankton
concentration induces spawning in males and (2) both an elevated phytoplankton level and the
presence of sperm stimulate spawning in females. Circadian and lunar rhythms are additional
factors affecting this process.
Monitoring based research in Ariake Sea, Japan -To solve the environmental and fisheries
problems
Yuichi Hayami
Institute of Lowland and Marine Research, Saga University, Saga, Japan
E-mail: [email protected]
Ariake Sea is a gulf type ROFI or large estuary located in Kyushu island south west Japan. It has
a large tidal range up to 6 m during spring tide in the bay head. Because of the shallow
topography and large tidal amplitude, there are widespread of mud flat which is about 40% of the
total tidal flat area in Japan. There are many environmental and fisheries problems occurred and
became a social problem after 2000 including summer hypoxia, decrease of bivalve catch and
decrease of macrobenthos. However, it was difficult to understand the causes for the problems
since there were few oceanographic research until 2000. Therefore, detailed monitoring systems
were constructed including continuous monitoring of hydrography and water quality with
monitoring towers and buoys to clarify the causes for the problems. These monitoring data
showed that the hypoxia was occurring every summer in the bay head and it was frequently
variated due to the neap-spring tidal variation and weather. Also, to understand the mechanisms
of the decadal-scale changes, historical monthly monitoring data from 1970s were analyzed. The
increase of hypoxia and red tide in summer indicates that the problems would be caused by the
eutrophication. However, the mechanism is different from many other bays such as Chesapeake
Bay and Seto Inland Sea, because the terrestrial nutrients load has increased little and there are
widespread tidal flats remaining. In this presentation, I will show the importance of the multiscale monitoring to solve the environmental problems in coastal sea.
S5 (1)
Managing highly modified marine ecosystems
Cody Szuwalski
University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, U.S.A. E-mail:
[email protected]
Interest in reforming management of exploited marine ecosystems around the world is
high, particularly in countries where little management exists. Fisheries in many of these
countries have histories of intense fishing pressure, markets for a wide range of species
and sizes, and communities that are often reliant on ocean resources for their livelihoods.
In such cases, conflicting goals for management exist (e.g. high yields, job preservation,
conservation) for which tradeoffs must be considered and is not immediately clear that
replicating ‘Western style’ management (e.g. single species management focused on
producing maximum sustainable yield) will satisfy the needs of the communities in these
countries. I will discuss a case study in the East China Sea that compares single species
management to an ecosystem based approach. We found that implementing single species
management could halve the catches produced from the East China Sea as a result of
reversing trophic cascades that have occurred as a result of indiscriminant, highly intense
fishing practices. I will further discuss the relationship between aquaculture, stock
enhancement, and artificial reef building and fishery yields in China and end with thoughts
on the future of management in highly modified marine ecosystems.
S9 (2)
Lagrangian maps as a new tool to simulate transport processes in the ocean
S.V. Prants, M.Yu. Uleysky and M.V. Budyansky
Pacific Oceanological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
E-mail: [email protected]
Lagrangian methods are now actively used in simulation of large-scale transport and mixing in
the ocean due to tremendous progress in satellite monitoring and in advanced technology of
satellite-tracked buoys and drifters providing continuous, near real-time and global data at high
space resolution. Combination of that data with outputs of high-resolution global and regional
numerical models of ocean circulation and ideas and methods from dynamical systems and chaos
theory enables to simulate and analyze transport and mixing in the ocean at sub- and mesoscale.
We develop a methodology for computing and analyzing different kinds of Lagrangian maps for
a large number of synthetic tracers advected by altimetry-derived and numerically-generated
velocity fields. A number of examples demonstrates the effectiveness of that tool to analyze
evolution of mesoscale eddies, to estimate a risk of contamination of specified eddies by
Fukushima-derived radionuclides and to identify Lagrangian fronts favorable for fishing in the
Asian marginal seas and the North Western Pacific. An extensive review of these methods with
applications can be found in the new coming book “Lagrangian oceanography: large-scale
transport and mixing in the ocean. Berlin, New York. Springer Verlag. 2017” by S.V. Prants,
M.Yu. Uleysky and M.V. Budyansky.
Characteristics of meso- and submeso-scale features used by highly migratory
marine predators
Robert M. Suryan1, Rachael A. Orben2, Stephanie A. Loredo2, Jessica M. Porquez2
1Department
of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Auke Bay Laboratories, Ted
Stevens Marine Research Institute, Juneau, AK, USA.. E-mail: [email protected]
2Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, USA
Highly migratory marine species like seabirds transit within large marine ecosystems and
across entire ocean basins to locate important foraging areas. Individual-based, Lagrangian
tracking studies have demonstrated the use of hierarchical search patterns to locate mesoand submeso- scale oceanographic features where concentrated foraging occurs.
Integrating individual-based movement with satellite oceanographic data identifies
important near surface, horizontal characteristics of targeted features. Complimentary,
vessel-based, Eulerian observations provide a broader predator community perspective
and identify horizontal and vertical water column processes of features targeted by
multiple predators. We use a combination of satellite-based remote observations and insitu sampling to describe characteristics of meso- and submeso-scale features targeted by
seabirds throughout the North Pacific Ocean. Features targeted included offshore eddies,
shelf-break fronts, water mass convergences, and estuary plumes, with use varying in
space and time. Spatio-temporal persistence (i.e., predictability) was a consistent
characteristic among features, while chlorophyll concentration, gradients and other
characteristics were more variable and feature- or species-specific. Characteristics of
meso- and submeso-scale features used by highly migratory, predatory species provide
important insight into physical and biogeochemical processes that enhance tropic transfer
of energy to upper trophic levels. Such mechanistic understandings of energy transfer are
key to informing ecosystem models and factors influencing ecosystem change.
S11 (1)
Environmental impacts on zooplankton and pollock fishery in the northern Bering Sea
Yury Zuenko and Eugene Basyuk
Pacific Fisheries Research Center (TINRO), Vladivostok, Russia
E-mail: [email protected]
Seasonal and interannual patterns of the water structure, circulation, temperature, salinity, the
zooplankton abundance and species composition are considered for the main fishing grounds of
walleye pollock in the northern Bering Sea – Cape Navarin area. The Lawrence Cold Pool (LCP)
influences on oceanographic conditions in this area by its western periphery. If LCP is small
(after relatively warm winters), the Navarin area is subjected in summer to water advection from
the south (Navarin Current) that carries to the shelf relatively warm and saline water inhabited by
deep-water zooplankton, including euphausiids, but abundance of local cold-water copepods is
low. On the contrary, LCP is wide-spread after severe winters and limits the advection to the
Navarin area and the subsurface water warming there, as well as the transport of euphausiids,
though these conditions are favorable for reproduction and growth of both local and deep-water
zooplankton. Good feeding conditions for pollock are formed in the Navarin area in summer in
both cases – that’s a reason of its migration into the Russian EEZ in June-July, accessible for
large-scale Russian fishery. However, period of its active feeding by copepods is rather short
because of their migration into deep layers for spawning in late summer. Therefore, backward
southeastern migration of pollock begins very early (in August-September) if allochtonous
euphasiids are absent in the area. In case of the euphasiids northward transfer, they reach the
Navarin area in late summer and continue good feeding conditions, therefore the pollock stay
there until November-December. There still are no evidences of drastic climate-scale changes in
feeding conditions and pollock fishery in the northern Bering Sea but higher frequency of “too
warm” years with lowered reproduction of euphausiids and their effective northward transport is
expected in the case of continue warming.