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Name: Date Ecosystem and Food Web of Northwestern Ontario Boreal Forest Species Habitat Diet Notes Moose Wooded areas, swamps, lakeshores and streams. White-tailed Deer Wooded areas, forest margins, cedar swamps and open brushy areas. Wolves may attack calves. Drawn to roads for refuge from black flies to find salt. Thin coat and narrow hooves means cannot survive severe winters and heavy snows. Grey ‘Timber’ Wolf Where a good supply of food is available. Red Fox Forest clearings and in low shrub-covered areas. Mountain Lion Variety of habitats but prefers wooded areas with an abundant supply of food. Forested areas and swamps. Winter: twigs, shrubs, bark of saplings. Summer: Leaves, water plants, grass Winter: Buds, twigs, and evergreen needles. Summer: Grass, fruit and leaves, evergreen needles and mushrooms. Moose, white-tailed deer, and caribou. hares, ruffed grouse, beaver, muskrats and rodents like mice, shrews and squirrels. Limited by what is available. Berries, nuts, small rodents, birds, eggs, frogs and insects. Scavenge left-over carcasses of larger game. White-tailed deer, moose, hares, beaver, muskrats, mice and squirrels. Buds, berries, nuts, roots, grubs, worms mice and shrews. Black Bear Snowshoe Hare Densely forested areas, swamps and brushland. Summer: clover, grasses and ferns. Winter: Buds, saplings and bark of woody plants. Can also be cannibalistic. Pine Martin Mature coniferous forests; also in mixed stands and cedar swamps. Ponds, lakes, slowmoving rivers and creeks beside forested areas. Rodents; also birds, insects, reptiles, fish, crayfish, fruits and carrion. Summer: leaves, buds, water vegetation and underwater roots. Beaver Global Geography 12 Travel in packs, competitive, only prey to humans. Solitary hunter. Carrier of rabies. Uncommon due to forestry, mining and urbanization. They often become trapped in populated areas and need to be relocated back into the wilderness. The size of population is directly related to number of predators. owls, hawks, eagles, lynx, bobcat, red fox, coyote, gray wolf, black bear and mink. Extensively trapped for its fur in the past Creates wetlands which become breeding and feeding habitats of waterfowl, Source: http://www.borealforest.org/edresc.htm Name: Pygmy Shrew Striped Skunk Date Mixedwood environments, bogs and wet fields. Mixed woodlands, pastures and fields, often close to water. Little Brown Bat Caves, mine tunnels and hollow trees; also barns, attics and other building crevices. Blue Jay Coniferous trees. Nest: sticks, moss, lichens, grasses and soft items, grass and feathers. Excavates a cavity in a deciduous or coniferous tree. Lakes and larger rivers. Nest: a simple depression in the ground. Fish-bearing water. Deciduous, coniferous or mixed woods. Flattish nest is made of twigs and small branches in the upper parts of tall trees Lakes and larger rivers. Nest: bulky mass of sticks and debris placed in a tree, on a telephone pole, on rocks or on the ground. Deciduous forests and woodlands. Nest: Rock crevice, a hollow tree or in a hollow fallen log without lining. Lakes and streams Pilated Woodpecker Loon Great Blue Heron Osprey Turkey Vulture Minnow Family Global Geography 12 Winter: mainly bark of trees and shrubs. Insect larvae, beetles, spiders and carrion. Rodents, young of small mammals, frogs, salamanders, ground-nesting birds and their eggs; grubs, insects, nuts, berries, carrion and untended garbage. Insect populations Fruits, insects, grains, and acorns, and sometimes the eggs and nestlings of other birds Insect populations fish and other waterdependent mammals Often falls prey to hawks, owls, snakes and other carnivores Does well near suburbs During its feedings, a bat can fill its stomach in 15 min. and then empty its digestive track several times a night. Does not migrate south in the winter. Small fish, frogs, crustaceans and roots Fish, frogs and water snakes. It will also eat salamanders, large insects, mice and other small rodents Lives in colonies. Fish Toxic Chemicals from humans have made their way through the food chain and cause their egg shells to crack when they sit on them. Can coast for hours, swaying from side to side and riding on rising columns of warm air Carrion, and will eat almost anything. Bottom ooze, algae, or aquatic plants, others: zooplankton, crustaceans, insects, Prey to predatory birds, mammals and fishes. Source: http://www.borealforest.org/edresc.htm Name: Date worms, and other minnows Smaller fish Rainbow Trout Lakes Yellow-Spotted Salamander Fish free small ponds Eastern Garter Snake Moist places along shorelines open plains, grasslands, and forests or forest edge. Woodland edges or small wetlands. Flowers Dark, cool, moist places. Under rocks or leaves. Frequently mixed with other species. Moderately welldrained, moist sites at low to intermediate elevations. Forest clearings, hillsides and riverbanks; usually on well-drained sites. Spring Peeper Crab Spider Snail Balsam Fir Red Maple Pin Cherry Global Geography 12 Earthworms, snails, slugs, spiders, millipedes, and insects Earthworms, fish, frogs, toads, salamanders, mice, and birds' eggs Often hunted by humans. Prey to skunks, raccoons, and snakes Very adaptable. Small insects, spiders and worms Smaller insects Plant matter Hunt at night. Sun, water, air, = sugar. Sun, water, air, = sugar. Food to moose and deer in sapling form. Food to moose and deer in sapling form. Sun, water, air, = sugar. Berries are food to many species. Very colourful. Source: http://www.borealforest.org/edresc.htm Name: Date Instructions: Use the chart and figures 3.24 and 3.26 on page 70 and 71 in your text book as a guide to create an image of the diverse ecosystem of the Boreal Forest. Your task is to draw the ecosystem including the habitat as best you can. Once you have drawn the ecosystem, link the variety of species together with arrows to show the transfer of sunlight energy through a food web. Remember: the arrows point in the direction that the energy is moving (from prey to predator). If you need clarification, read the section in your textbook called, “Energy Levels in an Ecosystem” on page 71. Your food web should include a variety of species. You need to choose 15-20 to make this work. Once you have completed the food web, answer the following questions. 1. What will happen to your ecosystem if you removed the crab spider? 2. What will happen to your ecosystem if you removed the Pin Cherry? 3. What will happen to your ecosystem if you removed the Mountain Lion and Timber Wolf? 4. How would clear cutting, pesticide runoff, or the introduction of a new species affect this ecosystem? 5. Thoroughly explain the importance of biodiversity in relation to this web. Global Geography 12 Source: http://www.borealforest.org/edresc.htm