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Transcript
Chapter 3: Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment Atoms and Elements • ________ are the basic unit of matter. • ___________: Contains protons and neutrons • ___________: Move around the nucleus • An element _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ ____________________. Did You Know? There are 92 elements that occur naturally, and scientists have created about 20 others in labs. Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment Bonding • Atoms combine by bonding: • ______________: Electrons are shared. • ______________: Electrons are transferred. • _________: Two or more atoms joined by covalent bonds • _________: Substance composed of atoms of two or more different elements Covalent bonding Ionic bonding - Carbon Compounds Organic Compounds • ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________. Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment Organic and Inorganic Compounds • _____________________: Consist of covalently bonded carbon atoms and often include other elements, especially hydrogen • ____________________: Organic compounds, such as petroleum, that contain only hydrogen and carbon • ____________________: Lack carbon-to-carbon bonds Organic compounds include natural gas, petroleum, coal, and gasoline. Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment Solutions • A mixture is a combination of elements, molecules, or compounds that are not bonded chemically. • _______________________________________________ ______________________________________________. • Mixtures can be solids, liquids, or gases. Blood, sea water, plant sap, and metal alloys, such as brass, are all solutions. Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment Macromolecules • Large organic compounds that are essential to life • _____________: Serve many functions; include enzymes • _____________: Direct protein production; include DNA and RNA • _____________: Provide energy and structure; include sugars, starch, and cellulose • ____________: Not soluble in water; many functions; include fats, waxes, and hormones Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment Water • _______________________ _______________________ • Hydrogen bonding gives water many unique properties: • _______________ • _________________________ _________________________ • ________________________ • _________________________ _________________________ - The Properties of Water The Structure of Water • ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ _______________________ - The Properties of Water Changing State • ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ - The Properties of Water Changing State • ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ________________ Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment Acids, Bases, and pH • The separation of water molecules into ions causes solutions to be acidic, basic, or neutral. • The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a solution is. • __________________: Equal concentrations of H+ and OH- • __________________: Relatively high concentration of H+ • __________________: Relatively high concentration of OH- Lesson 3.2 Systems in Environmental Science Interacting Systems • Inputs into Earth’s interconnected systems include energy, information, and matter. • Feedback loops regulate systems. Negative feedback loop • _______________: __________ Result in stabilization of a system • ______________: __________ Result in a system moving Did You Know? Predator-prey cycles are negative feedback loops. If prey populations rise, predator populations can rise in response, to an extreme causing prey populations to fall. Then predator populations may decline, allowing prey populations to rise again, and so on. Lesson 3.2 Systems in Environmental Science Spheres of Function • _______________________________________ _______________________________________. Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres The Geosphere • Rocks and minerals on and below Earth’s surface: • Crust: _____________________ ____________________________ • Mantle: ____________________ ___________________________ • Core: _____________________ ____________________________ Rock formation, Ouray National Wildlife Refuge, Utah - Earth’s Interior Exploring Inside the Earth • Geologists have used two main types of evidence to learn about Earth’s interior: _____________________ ____________________________________________. - Earth’s Interior The Crust • _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ __________. - Earth’s Interior The Mantle • Earth’s mantle is made up of rock that is very hot, but solid. _____________________________________ ___________________________________________. - Earth’s Interior The Core • ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________. Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres Plate Tectonics • Crust and mantle are divided into: • _______________: Crust and uppermost mantle; divided into tectonic plates • _______________: Soft middle mantle; heated by outer core • _______________: Solid rock • Convection currents in the asthenosphere move tectonic plates. • Collisions and separations of the plates result in landforms. Volcano lava Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres Tectonic Plates • There are three major types of plate boundary: • ____________ • ____________ • ____________ Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres Divergent and Transform Plate Boundaries • Divergent boundaries: Rising magma pushes plates apart. Divergent plate boundary • Transform boundaries: Plates slip and grind alongside one another. Transform plate boundary Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres Convergent Plate Boundaries • Plates collide, causing one of two things to happen: • Subduction: One plate slides beneath another. • Mountain-building: Both plates are uplifted. Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres The Biosphere and Atmosphere • ___________: The part of Earth in which living and nonliving things interact • ___________: Contains the gases that organisms need, such as oxygen; keeps Earth warm enough to support life Earth’s atmosphere, seen from space - Layers of the Atmosphere Layers of the Atmosphere • The atmosphere is divided into four main layers: the ________________, the ________________, the ________________, and the _______________. The thermosphere is further divided into the ionosphere and the exosphere. - The Air Around You Composition of the Atmosphere • ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ __________________________________________. Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres The Hydrosphere • Consists of Earth’s water Greenlaw Brook, Limestone, Maine • Most of Earth’s water (97.5%) is salt water. • _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ ____________________. • Earth’s available fresh water includes surface water and ground water. Did You Know? If it is depleted, groundwater can take hundreds or even thousands of years to recharge completely. - Water on Earth Distribution of Earth’s Water • ___________________________________________ __________________________________________. - Water on Earth Distribution of Earth’s Water • __________________________________________. - Water on Earth The Water Cycle • ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________. Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres The Water Cycle Processes of the Water Cycle •evaporation •condensation •transpiration •sublimation •precipitation - Water Underground How Water Moves Underground • ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________. aquifers: underground water “storage” Lesson 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles Nutrient Cycling • Matter cycles through the environment. • Matter can be transformed, but cannot be created or destroyed. • __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________. Did You Know? Organisms require several dozen nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon, to survive. - Cycles of Matter The Carbon and Oxygen Cycles •In ecosystems, the processes by which carbon and oxygen are recycled and linked. •_____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________. Lesson 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles The Carbon Cycle Lesson 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles The Phosphorus Cycle - Cycles of Matter The Nitrogen Cycle • ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________. Lesson 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles The Nitrogen Cycle