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Chapter 3: Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment
Atoms and Elements
• ________ are the basic
unit of matter.
• ___________: Contains
protons and neutrons
• ___________: Move around
the nucleus
• An element
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
____________________.
Did You Know? There are 92 elements
that occur naturally, and scientists have
created about 20 others in labs.
Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment
Bonding
• Atoms combine by bonding:
• ______________: Electrons
are shared.
• ______________: Electrons
are transferred.
• _________: Two or more atoms
joined by covalent bonds
• _________: Substance
composed of atoms of two or
more different elements
Covalent bonding
Ionic bonding
- Carbon Compounds
Organic Compounds
• ___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________.
Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment
Organic and Inorganic Compounds
• _____________________:
Consist of covalently bonded
carbon atoms and often
include other elements,
especially hydrogen
• ____________________:
Organic compounds, such as
petroleum, that contain only
hydrogen and carbon
• ____________________:
Lack carbon-to-carbon bonds
Organic compounds include natural gas,
petroleum, coal, and gasoline.
Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment
Solutions
• A mixture is a combination of elements, molecules, or
compounds that are not bonded chemically.
• _______________________________________________
______________________________________________.
• Mixtures can be solids, liquids, or gases.
Blood, sea water, plant sap, and metal
alloys, such as brass, are all solutions.
Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment
Macromolecules
• Large organic compounds that are essential to life
• _____________: Serve many functions; include enzymes
• _____________: Direct protein production; include
DNA and RNA
• _____________: Provide energy and structure;
include sugars, starch, and cellulose
• ____________: Not soluble in water; many functions;
include fats, waxes, and hormones
Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment
Water
• _______________________
_______________________
• Hydrogen bonding gives
water many unique
properties:
• _______________
• _________________________
_________________________
• ________________________
• _________________________
_________________________
- The Properties of Water
The Structure of Water
• ___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
_______________________
- The Properties of Water
Changing State
• ___________________________________________
___________________________________________
- The Properties of Water
Changing State
• ___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
________________
Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment
Acids, Bases, and pH
• The separation of water
molecules into ions causes
solutions to be acidic, basic,
or neutral.
• The pH scale measures how
acidic or basic a solution is.
• __________________: Equal
concentrations of H+ and OH-
• __________________: Relatively
high concentration of H+
• __________________: Relatively
high concentration of OH-
Lesson 3.2 Systems in Environmental Science
Interacting Systems
• Inputs into Earth’s interconnected systems include energy,
information, and matter.
• Feedback loops regulate systems.
Negative feedback loop
• _______________:
__________ Result in
stabilization
of a system
• ______________:
__________ Result in a
system moving
Did You Know? Predator-prey cycles are negative feedback loops.
If prey populations rise, predator populations can rise in response,
to an extreme
causing prey populations to fall. Then predator populations may
decline, allowing prey populations to rise again, and so on.
Lesson 3.2 Systems in Environmental Science
Spheres of Function
• _______________________________________
_______________________________________.
Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres
The Geosphere
• Rocks and minerals on and below Earth’s surface:
• Crust: _____________________
____________________________
• Mantle: ____________________
___________________________
• Core: _____________________
____________________________
Rock formation, Ouray National Wildlife Refuge, Utah
- Earth’s Interior
Exploring Inside the Earth
• Geologists have used two main types of evidence to
learn about Earth’s interior: _____________________
____________________________________________.
- Earth’s Interior
The Crust
• _______________________
_______________________
_______________________
__________.
- Earth’s Interior
The Mantle
• Earth’s mantle is made up of rock that is very hot, but
solid. _____________________________________
___________________________________________.
- Earth’s Interior
The Core
• ___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________.
Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres
Plate Tectonics
• Crust and mantle are divided
into:
• _______________: Crust and
uppermost mantle; divided into
tectonic plates
• _______________: Soft middle
mantle; heated by outer core
• _______________: Solid rock
• Convection currents in the
asthenosphere move tectonic
plates.
• Collisions and separations of
the plates result in landforms.
Volcano lava
Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres
Tectonic Plates
• There are three major types of plate boundary:
• ____________
• ____________
• ____________
Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres
Divergent and Transform Plate
Boundaries
• Divergent boundaries:
Rising magma pushes
plates apart.
Divergent plate boundary
• Transform boundaries:
Plates slip and grind
alongside one another.
Transform plate boundary
Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres
Convergent Plate Boundaries
• Plates collide, causing one of two things to happen:
• Subduction: One plate slides beneath another.
• Mountain-building: Both plates are uplifted.
Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres
The Biosphere and Atmosphere
• ___________: The part of Earth in which living and
nonliving things interact
• ___________: Contains the gases that organisms
need, such as oxygen; keeps Earth warm enough
to support life
Earth’s atmosphere, seen from space
- Layers of the Atmosphere
Layers of the
Atmosphere
• The atmosphere is divided
into four main layers: the
________________, the
________________, the
________________, and
the _______________.
The thermosphere is
further divided into the
ionosphere and the
exosphere.
- The Air Around You
Composition of the Atmosphere
• ___________________________________________
___________________________________________
__________________________________________.
Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres
The Hydrosphere
• Consists of Earth’s water
Greenlaw Brook, Limestone, Maine
• Most of Earth’s water
(97.5%) is salt water.
• _____________________
_____________________
_____________________
____________________.
• Earth’s available fresh
water includes surface
water and ground water.
Did You Know? If it is depleted, groundwater can
take hundreds or even thousands of years to
recharge completely.
- Water on Earth
Distribution of Earth’s Water
• ___________________________________________
__________________________________________.
- Water on Earth
Distribution of Earth’s Water
• __________________________________________.
- Water on Earth
The Water Cycle
• ___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________.
Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres
The Water Cycle
Processes of the Water Cycle
•evaporation
•condensation
•transpiration
•sublimation
•precipitation
- Water Underground
How Water Moves Underground
• ___________________________________________
___________________________________________.
aquifers: underground water
“storage”
Lesson 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles
Nutrient Cycling
• Matter cycles through the
environment.
• Matter can be transformed, but
cannot be created or destroyed.
• __________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________.
Did You Know? Organisms require several
dozen nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus,
and carbon, to survive.
- Cycles of Matter
The Carbon and Oxygen Cycles
•In ecosystems,
the processes by
which carbon
and oxygen are
recycled and
linked.
•_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________.
Lesson 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles
The Carbon Cycle
Lesson 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles
The Phosphorus Cycle
- Cycles of Matter
The Nitrogen Cycle
• ___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________.
Lesson 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles
The Nitrogen Cycle