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Transport The absorption and circulation of materials throughout an organism A. Absorption- means by which the end products of digestion and gases enter cells through the selectively permeable cell membrane. Occurs either actively or passively: 1. Passive Transport•no energy used a. diffusion- materials move from HIGH to LOW concentrations randomly until an equilibrium is reached b. osmosis- diffusion of WATER c. Effects of osmosis on living cellssince cells are made of water and surrounded by water, the movement of water can change a cell. Solutions surrounding the cell may be: Isotonic- Solution around the cell has the same concentration of dissolved particles as the cell. Water will be in equilibrium. This will have no effect on the cell. Hypotonic- Solution around the cell has a lower concentration of dissolved particles (salt, sugar) than the cell. (therefore water will be higher). This causes water to move into the cell making it swell or burst. animal cell: The cell will eventually burst; cytolysis plant cell: H2O vacuole swells and presses against cell wall to create turgor pressure that is used to open stomates and flowers Hypertonic- Solution around the cell has a higher concentration of dissolved particles than the cell. (therefore water will be lower). This causes water to move out of the cell making it shrink. animal cell: The cell will shrink; plasmolysis (link) plant cell: The cytoplasm will shrink; vacuoles close, plant wilts Things to think about….. (don’t put in notes) Why do people soak their swollen feet in Epsom salts? Why do they have sprinklers in produce aisles for fruits & What the?! Who unscrewed the salt veggies? shaker? And why the hell do we have one in the first place? What does salt do to a slug? Why? What would happen to “Saltwater Sam” if you moved him to freshwater? What about “Freshwater Fred” if you moved him to the ocean? (salmon have adaptations for salt & freshwater) 2. Active Transport• energy expended •moves against concentration gradient… low to high, carrier proteins assist •allows organisms to move materials in/out of the cell to maintain certain conditions •phagocytosis- engulfing solids •pinocytosis- engulfing liquids Both forms of endocytosis (transporting materials in by creating a vesicle/pouch. The reverse of endocytosis is exocytosis •Scan of paramecium •Clip: ameba eating paramecium •Quiz 1 B. Circulation1. Definition- movement of materials throughout an organism or cell 2. Typesintracellular- within cells, occurs by diffusion, cyclosis & movement in E.R. intercellular- between cells, occurs by diffusion 3. Adaptations for Transporta. plants 1. Bryophytes (moss) -no vascular tissue -transport by diffusion across cell membranes 2. Tracheophytes -have vascular tissue xylem-transport water phloem- transport food made during photosynthesis -have specialized organs for transport: roots - absorb H2O and minerals - conduct to stems through xylem & phloem -anchor plant -contain root hairs that increase surface area for absorption stems- conduct materials through xylem & phloem -contain lenticels (for the exchange of CO2 & O2) leaves- have veins (xylem & phloem) -contain stomates (for the exchange of CO2 , O2 & H2O) Leaves have processes to move water upwards in a plant: capillary action- the upward movement of water in a narrow tube (xylem) due to the adhesion and cohesion of water molecules adhesion- attraction btwn. unlike molecules (xylem : water) cohesion- attraction btwn. like molecules (water : water) root pressure- water is “pushed” into the root cells by turgor pressure and may move as much as 1 meter transpirational pull- as water is lost through transpiration from lenticels and stomates, water molecules are “drawn” to replace them by the strong attractive forces of water nutrients are moved also…. translocation - the movement of dissolved food through phloem Other adaptations for transport: b. single-celled organismsUse cyclosis, ER c. invertebrates- (insects) have open circulatory system d. simple vertebrates- (fish) 2 chambered heart, closed system e. human….. The transport system in humans circulates wastes, nutrients and gases throughout the body. requires: •transport media (blood) •vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) • a pump (heart) Blood: •liquid tissue that helps maintain homeostasis •approx 6 qts. in adults •cells produced in bone marrow •components: 1. plasma•yellowish liquid, approx 55% of blood volume •90% water •10 % dissolved materials (nutrients, glucose, amino acids, salts, hormones, enzymes, antibodies, wastes, CO2) platelet In one drop of blood: RBC WBC plasma In 1ml. Of blood (a few drops), there are : 5 million RBCs 30,000 platelets 10, 000 WBCs 2. red blood cells- (RBCs) •AKA erythrocytes •most numerous blood cell •43% of blood volume •disk shaped •made in bone marrow •mature RBCs have no nuclei •live about 120 days •contain hemoglobin which carries CO2 & O2; gives blood its red color •2 million produced+destroyed /second! •worn out/dead RBCs removed by liver & spleen BLUE BLOOD ???? RBC disorders: anemia- too few RBCs/hemoglobin not enough oxygen…..fatigue sickle cell anemia-hereditary condition, crescent shaped RBCs, get caught in blood vessels, can’t carry enough O2 3. platelets- AKA thrombocytes •cell fragments created in bone marrow when bits of cytoplasm are pinched off from cells •smaller than RBCs & WBCs •live for 7 days •function in blood clotting: Clotting: series of enzyme controlled reactions occurs when a blood vessel is injured and platelets stick to the wall of the damaged vessel more than 30 substances involved : 1. platelets release thromboplastin 2. Thromboplastin initiates a series of rxs. where prothrombin produces thrombin 3. thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen in the plasma to insoluble fibrin strands 4. Fibrin strands form a clot & the wound is repaired When healing is complete, an enzyme called plasmin dissolves the fibrin break in vessel wall initiates platelets release thromboplastin prothrombin (a plasma protein) to produce fibrinogen (soluble) thrombin converts into (an enzyme) fibrin strands (insoluble) form clotting clip clot Clots don’t naturally occur in uninjured vessels b/c: •Walls are smooth •Anticoagulants are present (coumadin & heparin).. they prevent clumping ….medicinal leeches….. Leeches USA Clotting problems: 1. Not enough platelets 2. Lack of vitamin K in diet (found in green, leafy veggies, needed to form prothrombin) 3. Hemophilia (no platelets for clotting) 4. When clots form in uninjured vessels & travel, causing stroke/death 4. white blood cells- (WBCs); “leukocytes” •largest, least numerous blood cell •contain nuclei •2% of blood volume •fight infection (immune response) •may use ameboid movement to squeeze btwn. cells to get to infection •types of WBCs: phagocytes- engulf invaders lymphocytes- make antibodies (chemical warfare) Immunity- the ability to resist disease due to the presence of antibodies antigen- anything the body sees as foreign (bacteria, virus or harmless pollen) pathogen- antigen that causes disease antibody- protein made by lymphocytes to attract phagocytes; alerts phagocytes to destroy antigen (like Paul Revere!) WBC attacking virus link active immunity•your body produces antibodies •occurs when you come in contact w/or get the disease OR when you get a vaccine (dead/weakened form of the disease which stimulates antibody production) •usually permanent passive immunity•occurs when you are injected w/antibodies (gamma globulin) •or you receive them from mother’s breastmilk or across placenta •usually temporary allergies•occurs when certain harmless substances (dust, pollen, insect bites) are seen as harmful antigens. •Special WBCs produce histamines (chemicals that cause sneezing, itching, watery eyes, etc.) WBC disorder: leukemia- increase in WBCs that don’t function properly Blood Typing •4 types: A, B, AB, O •blood types are named for the presence or absence of A & B antigens on the surface of RBCs •“agglutination” means clumping Blood Type Antigen on RBC A A Antibodies In plasma Typing of this blood Anti-B serum B B Anti-A AB A&B none O none Anti-A and Anti-B serum Whereever agglutination occurs, that’s the blood type Transfusions & organ donations are safe when the recipient does not have antibodies that would react with/attack the donor’s antigens Recipient type can safely receive from Donor type O O A A,O B B,O AB A,B,AB,O Universal recipient b/c no antibodies Universal donor b/c no antigens Rh factor•another group of antigens on RBC surface •1st found in Rhesus monkeys •85% of people are Rh positive (Rh+)(have the antigen) •15% of people are Rh negative (Rh-) •may cause problem during pregnancy if Mom is – and baby is +…….. •during delivery, baby’s blood may enter Mom’s system and Mom will make Rh antibodies to baby’s antigens. •If the next child is Rh+: those antibodies will cross placenta & agglutinate (miscarriage) •Treatment: before 2nd pregnancy, Mom receives medication to suppress antibody production Transplants •when an organ or tissue (heart, kidney, skin) is transplanted from donor to recipient •This organ/tissue is recognized by the recipient’s immune system as foreign (has different marker proteins & antigens) •immune response is activated •transplanted tissue is destroyed: REJECTION •to avoid rejection: recipient takes immunosupressant drugs; makes patient more susceptible to other infections •skin grafts avoid rejection b/c skin is usually taken from patients own body •Not in notes……. Xenotransplantationinvolves the transplantation of nonhuman tissues or organs into human recipients. “Because there is a worldwide shortage of organs for clinical implantation, about 60% of patients awaiting replacement organs die on the waiting list. Recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of transplant rejection have brought science to a stage where it is reasonable to consider that organs from other species, probably pigs, may soon be engineered to minimize the risk of serious rejection and used as an alternative to human tissues, possibly ending organ shortages” Wikipedia Pigs are the most common species used for xenotransplantation Pigs are plentiful, are quick to mature, breed well in captivity, have large litters, and have vital organs roughly comparable in size to those of humans (emedicine website) hand transplantationhttp://www.clipsyndicate.com/video/playlist/5895/1122531?cpt=8&title=health&wpid=0 Face transplantation- amazing! Shotgun victim Bear attack victim Some patients cannot psychologically handle such transplants…….. When doctors refuse to remove the transplant, some people have rebelled by stopping their immunosuppressants. (see Discovery Health clip video 149) AIDS lesson… Transport vessels 1. arteries•carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart (except for the pulmonary artery which lacks O2) •walls are thick & muscular •relaxation & contraction of arteries creates your pulse •tiny artery = arteriole, largest artery= aorta 2. veins•carry oxygen-poor blood to the heart (except for the pulmonary vein which has lots of O2) •walls are thinner than arteries •have valves to prevent the backflow of blood •tiny vein = venule 3. capillaries•smallest vessel: only 1 cell thick lots of O •connect arteries to veins 2 little O2 •allow for exchange of O2, nutrients, H2O, CO2 & other wastes between body cells & blood capillary clip Bodies exhibit- circulatory system 4. vessel disorders•atherosclerosis- arteries clog w/fat & cholesterol and become narrower. This may cause Fate of fat high blood pressure. •varicose veins- protruding veins caused by the collapse of valves and pooling of blood. •stroke- vessel(s) in the brain burst or are blocked, causing various neurologic problems. •aneurysm- thinning of vessel wall, may burst, causing massive internal bleeding 5. lymph vessels- (see diagram) •small tubes throughout the body; return ICF (intercellular) fluid to veins •larger lymph vessels end in lymph nodes (contain WBCs & filter bacteria & dead cells from the blood) •lymph, plasma & ICF: same fluid: (name depends on location in body) Blood pressure- pressure exerted on walls of the arteries. •systole- contraction of ventricles, higher pressure, upper number •diastole- relaxation of ventricles, lower pressure, lower number 120 systole 80 diastole Blood pressure is affected by smoking, diet, heredity, age. A sphygmomanometer (AKA pressure cuff) measures blood pressure. Circulatory Pathways systemic- from heart through body pulmonary- from heart to lungs coronary- supplies blood to the heart hepatic-portal- carries blood from the digestive tract to the liver through the portal vein •In the liver, excess glucose is absorbed and stored as glycogen. When blood glucose is low, glycogen is changed to glucose & returned to the blood (homeostasis). renal- carries blood to & from kidneys, deposits wastes from the blood to be excreted lymphatic- all body cells are surrounded by ICF •excess fluids & proteins from intercellular spaces are returned to blood by the lymphatic system •lymph vessels in the villi of the small intestine are called lacteals…digested fats enter blood here. see lympedema… next slide The Heart Heart clip •muscular, 4-chambered pump •2 atria (atrium) upper chambers where blood enters heart •2 ventricles lower chambers that pump blood have thicker walls so they can pump •septum tissue that separates left & right side •valves structures that allow blood to flow in only 1 direction opening & closing make heart sounds blood flow sounds clip heart murmur is an irregularity of valves •double pump 1. Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs. 2. Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body. •pericardium sac that surrounds the heart •S.A. node (sinoatrial) “pacemaker” specialized cells in the right atrium sends impulse to A.V. (atrioventricular) node, causing ventricles to contract EKG/ECG is a test that checks for proper functioning of nodes & impulses Path of Blood Through The Vena cava (superior & inferior) right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle Tricuspid valve clip pulmonary valve clip (btwn rt vent & pu pulmonary artery lungs (diffusion of O2 & CO2 in alveoli) pulmonary vein left atrium bicuspid/mitral valve left ventricle semilunar/aortic valve aorta body: ARTERIES arterioles capillaries ... Heart venules VEINS Pump your blood song mammalian heart clip vagus nerve clip epinepherine/heart clip acetylcholine/heart clip