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Transcript
Invasive Species MN Community and Ecosystem Effects Group 1: Gabe, Robin, Andrew, Miles ● ● ● Buckthorn o Introduced from Europe in the mid 1800s as a hedge o Outcompetes native plants, leading to erosion o Hosts pests like crown rust fungus and soybean aphids Wild parsnip Photo credit o Grown as a root vegetable but escaped cultivation o Native to Asia and Europe o Sap causes burning, blistering, and discoloration of skin o Not likely to invade well established prairies but invades disturbed dry, moist, and wet-moist habitats Earthworms o All terrestrial earthworms in Minnesota are invasive species from Europe and Asia. o Earthworms eat away the layer of decomposing leaves called the “duff” layer in MN forests. photo credit This prevents seedlings, wildflowers and ferns from taking root. Which in turn causes erosion and nutrient loss. Photo credit Group 2: Emilee, Emily, Lark, Jeff ● Red cedar: invades prairies; disturbs grassland birds, uses a lot of water, shades native plants; this species has ecosystem effects because it changes the landscape ● Queen Anne’s lace: grows in disturbed prairies, threatens grassland recovery by competing with native plants; does not have large ecosystem effects ● White nose syndrome in bats: European fungus that kills bats; nearly 6 million bats killed in Eastern U.S. so far; because of decline in bats, insect population will increase greatly; ecosystem effects could occur if insects consume plants/crops Link to map of WNS spread across the US: http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/wns/index.html Group 3 - Lily, Jake, Lael Siberian Elm ● ● ● systemic change includes canopy cover, soil retention, nutrient processing and biomass invades prairies, due to high rates of seed germination seedling establish quickly and rapidly alter abiotic factors of ecosystems Sweet Clover ● ● disturbs shade of native plants thus degrading prairies alters nutrient levels in soil Eurasian Milfoil ● ● displaces native species in nutrient rich areas it has a tendency to form tangled masses pain for recreation Group 4: Sophia, Michael, Thea Reed Canary Grass: Native Eurasian species brought to the U.S. in the 1800’s for erosion control and foraging (it is still being planted in some places) and occurs in most of the continental U.S., outcompetes native species in wetlands, forms large stands that drive out native grasses. Knapweed: Invade rangelands through the production of root exudates that are toxic to native plants. Meadow Knapweed grows in dense patches that reduce forage, native species diversity and wildlife habitat. Spotted Knapweed is poisonous to other plants and can hybridize with Meadow Knapweed. Zebra Mussels: native to the lakes of southern Russia; threaten existence of native freshwater bivalve species, primarily by settling on them in large numbers and suturing their valves together with byssal threads, so the native species suffocate or starve. (Timeline of the spread of Zebra Mussels) Meadow Knapweed Reed Canary Grass Group 5--Ruth, Kristen, and Emma Smooth Brome Community effects: Grows before the other species of prairie grasses, preventing other species from growing Ecosystem effects: Erosion control Purple Loosestrife Community effects: replaces cattails and other marsh plants, puts many threatened wetland plants and animals at risk. Ecosystem effects: invades marshes and lakeshores, makes a really dense stands which are unsuitable for cover, food, or nesting sites, disrupts water flow Group 5--Ruth, Kristen, and Emma Gobi Community effects: ability to survive degraded conditions allow them to outcompete with native fish for food and habitat and eat the eggs of native fish, also eats some other invasive species. Ecosystem effects: can be found in groups of up to 20 per square meter and take the habitat of some of the native species. Bioaccumulation of toxins as they eat many of the filter feeding mussels. Group 6 - Dani, Lisa, Erin, Nate Phragmites (Giant Reed): ● Increased fire hazard → ecosystem effects! ● Replaced mixed wetlands to monocultures of themselves ● Changed water and nutrient cycling, emitted harmful toxins → ecosystem effects! Gypsy Moth: ● invasive forest pest from Europe that defoliate trees ● repeated defoliation can lead to tree death thus changing tree species mix, affecting dependant wildlife and impacting forest and related industries ● effect on bird populations, and swallow-tail butterfly larvae Asian Carp: ● Eats lots of plankton, messes with the food web by reducing plankton populations Group 7- Caitlin, Amy, Sam Garlic Mustard, Emerald Ash Borer, Sea lamprey Garlic Mustard Ecosystem Effects Community Effects Alters structure of forest floor vegetation Reduces amount of habitat availability for insects and small animals Exudes a chemical that essentially poisons other plants, other ground cover plants As it expands, it shades other species, killing them off Ecosystem Effects Community Effects Death of trees changes forest floor composition, allows other species to move into undergrowth Burrows into bark of Emerald Ash trees, causing mortality Ecosystem Effects Community Effects Harm to Lake Trout populations, which is a top predator, causes trophic cascade in Great Lakes Can kill 40 lbs. of fish during its lifetime Particularly detrimental to Lake Trout, a top predator in Lake Superior Emerald Ash Borer Sea lamprey