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Rise of City States Early City-States • Separated by mountains and water, the early city-states were very independent • Rivalries often developed between city-states • Each city-state relied heavily on sea trade for exchange of goods and ideas; the Greeks adopted then expanded the Phoenician alphabet • As the population grew, Greeks began to colonize new areas; colonies were created in Spain, Egypt, Asia Minor City-State Governments • Early city-states operated under a monarchy, where a king or queen has the most power • Over time, the landowning elites gained control of the city-states, creating an aristocracy • Eventually a small, wealthy group from the business class took over, making the government into an oligarchy City State Rivalries Grow • Just a handful of citystates grew really powerful • They had to compete with each other to maintain their power • A city state would try to form alliances with other city-states to increase its influence and power • Two city-states eventually dominated most of ancient Greece Athens and Sparta Ancient Athens Athenian government • Government was first a monarchy, then an aristocracy, then a democracy • Democracy was limited; only men could participate in government or go to school, Athenian citizenship was very limited. • Women. children and slaves had no rights or privileges in public life. Daily Life in Athens • The farmers built terraces to farm on hillsides • Boys were highly regarded, many girls were left to die at birth • Boys received an education, girls did not • Most girls were married by 14 • All males entered the army at 18 and served for at least 1 year Sparta Sparta – the Other Great CityState • Only males over 30 were considered citizens; • Government consisted of two kings advised by a council of elders • Believed art was a corrupting influence • Boys began military training at 7, forced to endure coarse diet, hard exercise, and rigid discipline • Girls were trained to exercise their bodies and were expected to produce sons for the military; babies were inspected at birth and sickly children were left to die • Spartan life was very rigorous; “Spartans are willing to die for their city because they have no reason to live” What kept them from fighting? • They had common language • They believed in the same gods • They both looked down upon nonGreeks • They both created strong alliances The Greek Wars The Persian War • Between Athens and Persia • Athenians helped Greek colonists rebelling against Persian rule in Asia minor. The Persians crushed the uprising and were furious at Athens for helping the rebels. • Persia attacked Athens. Although the Athenians were greatly outnumbered and technologically inferior, they fought off the Persians. • Persia sent an even larger army to attack Athens. Even with the help of Sparta, Athens was taken over. • Later, Athenian warships launched an attack on the Persian navy and then defeated the Persians in Asia minor. Athens became most powerful Greek City-state The Peloponnesian War • Between Athens and Sparta, as well as the city-states that supported them • Sparta had a geographic advantage and a stronger Army, but Athens had a stronger navy • Sparta attacked Athens and its ally city-states. Overcrowded • Athens suffered a plague and its leader Pericles died. • Sparta allied with Persia (a longtime Greek enemy) and cut off the food supply to Athens, causing Athens to surrender • Athens lost badly After the Peloponnesian War • Sparta tried to rule over all of Greece but the war left the city-state almost broke • Spartan government had grown weak • Thebes, another citystate, conquered Sparta but also couldn’t rule over Greece • Greece suffered decades of warfare and invasions after the fall of Athens and Sparta Group Writing Assignment • Contrast the results of the Persian Wars and the Peloponnesian War with regard to Athens. • Identify three similarities and three differences between Sparta and Athens. • Describe three kinds of government Greeks developed between 750 B.C. and 500 B.C.