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Chapter 5 Ancient Egypt and Kush Lesson 1 The Nile River Kennedy Middle School What is the name of the continent where Egypt is located? Africa https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLussf-QyjE (7 min) A. The Nile River Valley 1. By 5000 B.C. hunters and gatherers had moved into the Nile River valley. 2. They settled there, farmed the land, and built villages. These people became the earliest Egyptians. 3. Because Egypt gets little rainfall, Egyptians relied on the Nile River for water. They used its water for fishing, farming, cooking, and cleaning. The Nile 4. The Nile River flows north from the heart of Africa to the Mediterranean Sea, about 4,000 miles long. 5. Two rivers meet to form the Nile. They are the Blue Nile in eastern Africa and the White Nile in central Africa. Blue Nile White Nile 6. The water forms rapids where the rivers meet. These are called cataracts. Large ships cannot sail through the cataracts. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xe2yQEGDcrI 1 min B. Geography of Egypt 1. In Egypt, the Nile runs through a narrow valley. Deserts lie on both sides of the Nile River valley. Because the deserts were so hot, the ancient Egyptians called them “the Red Land.” These areas kept outside armies away from Egypt. 2. In the north, just before it reaches the Mediterranean Sea, the Nile divides into many branches, spreading out over an area of rich soil. This area is called a delta. A delta is a fan-shaped area of fertile marshland. The delta marshes kept enemies from sailing into Egypt. 3. To the south, dangerous cataracts blocked enemy boats. Cataracts are waterfalls or very fast rapids in the water. Nile River (3 min) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ss5UY2_60vc FYI: The Nile River is the longest river in the world. The ancient Egyptians grew crops in the fertile soil along the banks of the Nile River. 4. The geography of Mesopotamia did not protect people there in the same way. The deserts and the rivers did not keep out invaders. Mesopotamians constantly fought off attackers. 5. Egypt rarely faced such threats, so the Egyptian civilization grew and prospered. Mesopotamia: Egypt: 6. Beyond the desert to the east was the Red Sea. These waters allowed Egyptians to trade with others 7. Within Egypt, people used the Nile for trade and transportation. Winds from the north pushed sailboats south. 8. Egypt was different from Mesopotamia because city-states of Mesopotamia would fight each other. However, Egyptian villages had friendly contact. C. People of the River 1. In Egypt, the Nile River flooded, usually in mid-July. Nile after a flood 2. Water came to the Nile from rain and during the summer, the Nile spilled over its banks. When the waters went down, they left a layer of dark, rich mud. The land along the Nile was very fertile because of the yearly flooding, and was called “black land.” 3. The Egyptians became successful farmers. They planted wheat, barley, and flax seeds. They grew enough to feed themselves and their animals. 4. The Egyptians used irrigation when the weather was dry. To trap floodwaters, Egyptian farmers first dug basins, or bowl-shaped holes, in the earth. Then they dug canals to carry water from the basins to the fields. 5. The Egyptians also used a shadoof, a bucket on a long pole. It could lift water from the river into the basins. D. Papyrus and Hieroglyphics 1. Egyptians used papyrus - a reed plant that grew along the shores of the Nile. They harvested papyrus to make baskets, sandals, and river rafts. Ancient Egyptian Sandals 2. The Egyptians also used papyrus for making writing paper. Like the Mesopotamians, Egyptians developed their own system of writing called hieroglyphics. 3. A pictograph is a symbol representing a concept, object, activity, place or event by illustration: ideas are transmitted through drawing. Pictographs are the basis of cuneiform in Mesopotamia and hieroglyphics in Egypt. Egyptian Hieroglyphics Mesopotamian Cuneiform 4. Hieroglyphics was made up of thousands of picture and sound symbols. Some symbols stood for objects and ideas. For example, to communicate the idea of a boat, a scribe would draw a tiny boat. Other symbols stood for sounds, like the letters of our own alphabet. 5. In ancient Egypt, few people could read and write, but some Egyptian men went to special schools to study reading and writing. 6. They learned to become scribes, or record keepers, for the rulers, priests, and traders. Some hieroglyphics conveyed public messages and scribes carved these into stone walls and monuments. For everyday use, scribes invented a simpler script and wrote on papyrus. Egyptian papyrus paper How to Make Papyrus Paper (7 min.) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCR8n7qS43w E. Uniting Egypt 1. Skillful farming led to more food than was needed, or a surplus. This freed some people to work as artisans instead of farmers. 2,500 year old ancient Egyptian amulet of a winged, scarab beetle. 2. Artisans wove cloth, made pottery, and carved statues. They also shaped copper into weapons and tools. Now Egyptians had goods to trade. First, they traded with each other. Then they traveled to Mesopotamia to trade. 3. Irrigation systems needed to be built and maintained. Grain had to be stored. Disputes over land needed to be settled. Over time, a government formed in Egypt. Ancient Irrigation System: 4. By 4000 B.C. Egypt was made up of two large kingdoms. Lower Egypt was in the north in the Nile delta. Upper Egypt was in the south along the Nile River. 5. About 3100 B.C., Narmer was king of Upper Egypt. Narmer led his armies north and took control of Lower Egypt. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ufWe8zIM2lA (12 min) 6. Narmer’s kingdom stayed together after his death. His family passed power from father to son to grandson. This is a dynasty. 7. Over time, ancient Egypt would be ruled by 30 dynasties over a period of about 2,800 years. 7. Cont’d. Historians group Egypt’s dynasties into three main eras—the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom. Each kingdom had a long period of strong leadership and safety. Old Kingdom . United under King Menes Middle Kingdom New Kingdom . United under King Mentuhotep . United under Pharaoh Ahmose I . 2686 to 2181 B.C.E, . 2055 to 1650 B.C.E. . 1550-1070 BC . Included the 3rd to the 6th . Included the 11th to the 12th dynasties dynasty . Included the 18th to the 20th dynasty . Capitol was Memphis . Capitol was Thebes . Capitol was Thebes . “Age of Pyramids” . "Golden Age" . Construction . Stability . "Imperial Age" . Teamwork . Property boundaries . New Empire . Egyptian Art . Territorial expansion . Expansion period . Sculptures . . Military conquest . Peak of power . Prosperous . Pharaohs Buried in hidden . Pharaohs Buried in Pyramids tombs . Pharaohs Buried in the Valley of the Kings . Pharaoh viewed as an . Pharaoh viewed as the inaccessible god-king who rules “shepherd of his people” with . Pharaoh viewed not only as a absolutely over his people. the task to build public works leader and ruler of an empire, and produce for the welfare. but also as an important figure in religion and religious practice FYI: The Greek historian Herodotus called Egypt the “gift of the Nile.” FYI:The Egyptians developed a calendar to keep track of when the Nile would flood. The Nile flooded between May and September. FYI: The Sphinx had the body of a lion and the head of a pharaoh. END OF Chapter 5 Lesson 1 PPT