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Introduction to Organic Chemistry 1. What is organic chemistry? 2. What is a hydrocarbon? 3. Fill in the following Table Type Name Formula Example Structural Formula Molecular Drawing (3D sketch with bold and hash marked arrows) Hybridiz ation Geometry Alkane Alkene Alkyne Aromatic Hydrocar bon 4. What is the geometry of carbon when it forms four bonds? 5. What is a skeletal structure? 6. Why are single sp3 bonds drawn as a zig-zag? 7. Draw the full structure and skeletal structure of propane Types of Bonds Present Reactiv ity? Solubil ity? Intermolec ular Force(s) Boiling Point Properties Rotate? Alkanes 8. What is an alkane? 9. Refer to the table below. How many carbons are in methane? Butane? Nonane? Number of Prefix Compound name carbon atoms 1 Meth- Methane 2 Eth- Ethane 3 Prop- Propane 4 But- Butane 5 Pent- Pentane 6 Hex- Hexane 7 Hept- Heptane 8 Oct- Octane 9 Non- Nonane Image 10. What is a substituent? How to name a compound like 2-methylhexane 11. Draw 2-methylhexane 12. Name by doing the following: a. 1. b. 2. c. 3. 13. How do you name a compound that has more than one type of substituent? 14. Draw 3-ethyl-2,3,5-trimethylheptane 15. Name this compound. 16. What is a cycloalkane? 17. What is an isomer? 18. Draw an example of two isomers. 19. How does adding branches; which increases surface area, influence melting point and boiling point? Why? 20. How does chain length influence melting point and boiling point? Why? 21. Go back to the table you’re filling in on this sheet and record the reactivity and solubility of alkanes. Alkenes 22. What is an alkene? 23. Apply the alkene rules below to drawing 2,3- dibromobutene a. The main chain of carbon atoms must contain both carbons in the double bond. The main chain is numbered so that the double bond gets the smallest number. b. Before the root name, the number of the carbon atom at which the double bond starts (the smaller number) is written. c. If more than one double bond is present, the prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, etc. are used before the –ene 24. Can an alkene rotate? Why or why not? 25. What is a geometric isomer? 26. How do isomers affect the boiling point of alkenes? 27. What is cis? 28. What is trans? 29. Draw the full structures of cis-4-heptene and trans-4-heptene 30. How does changing spatial arrangement of groups around a double bond influence their melting points? 31. What is the difference between an unsaturated, saturated and trans fat? 32. What is the difference between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats? 33. Which type of fat is most likely to clog your arteries. Why? 34. How does the melting point relate to the “shelf life” of a fat? Alkyne Nomenclature 35. What is an Alkyne? 36. Draw 6-methyl-3-heptyne Aromatic Hydrocarbons 37. What is an aromatic hydrocarbon? 38. What are some commonly named aromatic hydrocarbons? 39. What happens to electrons in aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene? 40. Resonance structures describe molecules that have a) Hybrid orbitals b) Rapid equilibria c) Resonating electrons d) Multiple electron-dot formulas 41. The structure of the CO32- ion can be described in the Lewis formulation by these structures. This means that: a) b) c) d) Two carbon-to oxygen bonds are single bonds; the third is a double bond Three independent forms of the CO32- ion coexist in equilibrium The electrons must be rapidly exchanging among the three forms The CO32- ion exists in only one form: an average of the three principal structures shown Functional Groups 42. What is a functional group? 43. What does R stand for in a functional group? 44. What does X stand for? Functional group Structure 45. Define the following: a) Alcohol b) Ether c) Aldehyde d) Ketone e) Carboxylic Acid More Info Alkyl halide R-X One of the H atoms in an alkane replaced with a halogen Alcohol R-OH The number of the carbon group on which the alcohol is located is places before the name of the compound Ether R-O-R Two alkyl groups connected to an oxygen atom Amine NR3 Derivative of ammonia (NH3) f) Ester g) Amide h) Amine 46. What is a protein? 47. What is the monomer of the polymer- protein? 48. How would you recognize an amino acid and protein? 49. What is the type of reaction called when one amino acid joins with another? 50. What product is released when they are joined? 51. What is the bond called that forms between amino acids that have joined together to form a protein? 52. What types of intermolecular forces exist between proteins? 53. Why is shape important for a protein and enzymes? 54. What is a carbohydrate and what are the two functional groups found on them? 55. What types of structures do carbohydrates form in solution? 56. What is a lipid? 57. Why is a lipid nonpolar when they include an ester bond? 58. What are the three parts of a nucleotide called? 59. What types of bonds occur between strands of DNA and what is bound to what?