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Sociology Eleventh Edition Richard T. Schaefer Chapter 1: Understanding Sociology © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Understanding Sociology Slide 2 What is Sociology? What Is Sociological Theory? The Development of Sociology Major Theoretical Perspectives Applied and Clinical Sociology Developing a Sociological Imagination Sociology in the Global Economy: The Global Response to the 2004 Tsunami © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. What is Sociology? Sociology: systematic study of social behavior in human groups Slide 3 Study influence of social relationships Determine how those relationships influence behavior Understand how societies develop and change © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Sociological Imagination Sociological imagination: awareness of relationship between an individual and the wider society, today and in the past (C. Wright Mills) Slide 4 Ability to view one’s society as an outsider, rather than from perspective of one’s limited experiences and cultural biases Goes beyond personal experiences and observations © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Sociology and the Social Sciences Science: body of knowledge obtained by methods that are based on systematic observation Slide 5 Natural Science: study of physical features of nature and ways they interact and change Social Science: study of social features of humans and ways they interact and change Sociologists study influence society has on people's attitudes and behavior and ways people interact and shape society © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Sociology and the Social Sciences Investigate vast range of relationships Slide 6 Aging Family Human ecology Religion Sociologists test and analyze information they use Rely on scientific studies to describe and understand a social environment © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Table 1-1: Sections of the American Sociological Association Source: American Sociological Association 2008. Slide 7 © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Figure 1-1: Poverty Rates in Hurricane Katrina Disaster Area Note: Poverty data for 2000, reported in 2001. Disaster area defined by the Federal Emergency Management Agency as of September 14, 2005. Source: Bureau of the Census 2005g. Slide 8 © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. What Is Sociological Theory? Theory: set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior Slide 9 Effective theories have explanatory and predictive power Theories are never a final statement about human behavior © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Early Thinkers Auguste Comte (1798–1857) Harriet Martineau (1802–1876) Slide 10 Coined term sociology to apply to the science of human behavior Studied social behavior in Britain and U.S. Emphasized impact that economy, law, trade, health, and population can have on social problems © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Early Thinkers Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) Slide 11 Studied “evolutionary” change in society Suggested societies are bound to change eventually, so one need not be highly critical of social arrangements or work actively for social change © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Émile Durkheim (1858–1917) Developed fundamental thesis to help explain all society Behavior must be understood within a larger social context Interested in the growing division of labor in industrial societies Slide 12 Anomie: loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Max Weber (1864–1920) To fully comprehend behavior, we must learn subjective meanings people attach to their actions, called verstehen Slide 13 Ideal type: construct or model for evaluating specific cases © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Karl Marx (1818-1883) Society fundamentally divided between two classes that clash in pursuit of their own interests Slide 14 Worked with Friedrich Engels Emphasized group identification and associations that influence one’s place in society Argued working class should overthrow the existing class system © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Figure 1-2: Early Social Thinkers Slide 15 Insert Figure 1-3 © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Modern Developments Charles Horton Cooley (1864—1929) Jane Addams (1860–1935) Slide 16 Increased understanding of groups of relatively small size Combined intellectual inquiry, social service work, and political activism © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Modern Developments Robert Merton (1940–2003) Created theory of deviant behavior Emphasized sociology should use “macrolevel” and “micro-level” approaches Microsociology: stresses study of small groups, often through experimental means Macrosociology: concentrates on large-scale phenomena or entire civilizations Slide 17 © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Functionalist Perspective Focuses on ways parts of a society are structured to maintain stability Slide 18 Talcott Parsons (1902-1979) key figure in development Influenced by Durkheim and Weber © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Functionalist Perspective Slide 19 Manifest Functions: institutions are open, stated, conscious functions that involve intended, recognized consequences of an aspect of society Latent Functions: unconscious or unintended functions that may reflect hidden purposes of an institution Dysfunctions: element or process of a society that may actually disrupt the social system or disrupt it’s stability © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Conflict Perspective Assumes social behavior is best understood in terms of conflict or tension between competing groups The Marxist View Slide 20 Conflict not merely a class phenomenon, but part of everyday life in all societies © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Conflict Perspective An African American View: W. E. B. Du Bois Slide 21 Conducted research to assist the struggle for a racially egalitarian society Believed knowledge essential to combating prejudice and achieving tolerance and justice Performed in-depth studies of urban life © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Conflict Perspective The Feminist View Slide 22 Sees inequity in gender as central to all behavior and organization Focuses on one aspect of inequality Often allied with conflict perspective © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Interactionist Perspective Generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction to understand society as a whole Sociological framework for viewing humans as living in a world of meaningful objects Slide 23 Nonverbal communication: can include many gestures, facial expressions, and postures © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Interactionist Perspective George Herbert Mead (1863—1931) Erving Goffman (1922—1982) Slide 24 Widely regarded as founder of interactionist perspective Dramaturgical approach: people seen as theatrical performers © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Figure 1-3: Enforcing Symbols: The NBA Dress Code Source: Crowe and Herman 2005:A23. Slide 25 © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Sociological Approach Slide 26 We gain broadest understanding of society by drawing on all major perspectives, noting where they overlap and where they diverge Each perspective offers unique insights into the same issue A researcher’s work always is guided by a theoretical viewpoint © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Table 1-2: Major Sociological Perspectives Slide 27 © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Applied and Clinical Sociology Applied sociology: discipline of sociology with specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations Slide 28 Clinical sociology: dedicated to altering social relationships or to restructuring social institutions Basic sociology: seeks more profound knowledge of the fundamental aspects of social phenomenon © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Research in Action 1-1: Looking at Sports from Four Theoretical Perspectives Have you experienced or witnessed discrimination in sports based on gender or race? Slide 29 Has the representation of Blacks or women on teams been controversial on your campus? Which perspective do you think is most useful in looking at the sociology of sports? © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Developing a Sociological Imagination Theory in Practice Research in Action Often improves people’s lives Thinking Globally Slide 30 Illustrate how major sociological perspectives can help us understand today’s issues Globalization: worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and exchange of ideas © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Sociology in the Global Economy 1-2: The Global Response to the 2004 Tsunami Have you ever lived in or traveled to a place where the very wealthy lived side by side with the desperately poor? Slide 31 Explain the economic relationship between the two groups. Which of the three major theoretical perspectives would be most useful in analyzing the social effects of the 2004 tsunami? © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Significance of Social Inequality Social inequality: condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power Slide 32 W. E. B. Du Bois noted the greatest power in the land is not “thought or ethics, but wealth” © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Speaking Across Race, Gender, and Religious Boundaries Seek to draw conclusions that speak to all people – not just the affluent and powerful Slide 33 Sociology continues to better understand the experiences of all people © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Social Policy Throughout the World Fundamental sociological concepts can enhance critical thinking skills and help improve our understanding of public policy debates around the world Slide 34 Used to evaluate success of programs Sociologists expect the next 25 years to be perhaps the most exciting and critical period in the history of the discipline © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.