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Cornell Notes Questions Level 2: Infer, Analyze, Sequence, Organize, Solve, Explain, Compare, Contrast, Classify, Characterize, Group, Synthesize Level 3: Conclude, Criticize, Justify, Judge, Estimate, Predict, Speculate, Extrapolate, Interpret, Hypothesize, If/then, Apply, Evaluate , Imagine , Deduce Topic/Objective: Crisis and Achievement (1900-1945) --- New Technology Name: Class/Period: Date: Essential Question/s: To what extent did technology alter the course of war and make killing easier? Questions: Notes: SECTION I: NEW TECHNOLOGY Great advances in science; technology, the arts and women’s rights marked the halfcentury 1900-1945. While the achievements in Science and technology improved health care and the quality of life, they also made killing easier. The important role of Western women in World War I paved the way for their achievement of voting equality. In this short span of time, the globe was torn by two world wars and the emergence of totalitarian governments of the right and left. World War I was instrumental in bringing the rise of communism in Russia and fascism in countries such as Italy and Germany. The Actions of World War I were instrumental in causing World War II. World War II brought about the decline of colonial empires and the Emergence of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. Part One: 1900-1945 Science and Technological Advances I. Science: Germ Theory and Disease: Louis Pasteur- 1870- French scientist who showed the link b/w germs and disease. Pasteur also proved that killing certain germs stops the spread of certain diseases. Robert Koch- 1880’s German physicist discovered that bacteria caused tuberculosis. Work of Koch and Pasteur established “germ theory” idea that many diseases are caused by the action of microorganisms. Page 1 Joseph Lister- English surgeon- insisted on use of antiseptics, substances that destroy or inhibit the growth of germs (on hands, wounds and doctor’s instruments) Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement 1928- Turning Point in Medicine: Most important medical advance was the discovery of penicillin (Alexander Fleming). (Was not used on a widespread scale until W.W.II) Penicillin leads to development of antibiotics (used to treat infections). Advances were made in surgery- brain, spinal cord, reconstructive, as well as new techniques for blood transfusions. Mental health Sigmund Freud- Austrian Physician, founder of psychoanalysis A new way of thinking about and treating mental illness)- dealt with the “Unconscious” (Drives much of human behavior)- felt the tension b/w the drives of the unconscious mind and the demands of civilized society caused psychological & physical illness. II. Technology: Atomic energy Marie (radioactivity) and Pierre Curie make important discoveries about atoms. They discover two new elements called radium and polonium. These discoveries (by the Curies) affected fields of energy production, medicine (x-rays), and military technology. Einstein - one of the greatest scientists ever Page 2 Einstein’s theory of relativity (1905) corrected Newtonian concepts of time and space. Einstein pointed out that space and time are not constant (E=mc2). Einstein was forced to leave Nazi Germany. Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement III. New Technology Homes and Entertainment More and more households were wired with electricity Appliances made household chores easier Refrigerators, washing machines and vacuum cleaners allowed people to have some leisure time Farmers benefited from new technology, freezers for their meat and heated hatcheries provided more chickens Motion pictures were created Radio informed people of the news and entertained them with newly created radio shows In the 1930s movies were shown with sound Movies also served as a tool for propaganda Birth of a Nation (KKK) Page 3 Politicians start to use the radio to get their message across (F.D.R. fireside chats) Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Companies start selling airtime for the use of commercials Use of steel to construct buildings Underground sewage systems (healthier cities to live in) Electricity Dynamo (generator),1879 Thomas Edison (American) developed 1st practical light bulb Page 4 Summary: Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Cornell Notes Topic/Objective: Crisis and Achievement Questions (1900-1945) --- Problems Leading up to World War I Level 2: Infer, Analyze, Sequence, Organize, Solve, Explain, Compare, Contrast, Classify, Characterize, Group, Synthesize Level 3: Conclude, Criticize, Justify, Judge, Estimate, Predict, Speculate, Extrapolate, Interpret, Hypothesize, If/then, Apply, Evaluate , Imagine , Deduce Name: Class/Period: Date: Essential Question/s: To what extend did nationalism and ethnic identity play a role prior to World War I and between the great wars? Questions: Notes: SECTION II: Problems leading up to World War I A. China 1900- Boxer Rebellion Europe had split China into large sections for trading purposes Spheres of influence (Exclusive trading rights) U.S. tries to open China with the Open Door Policy Nationalism in China builds Boxer Rebellion led by the Empress CI XI CI XI opposed all foreigners and modernization CI XI encouraged anti-foreigner groups that gathered together in secret to plot ways of driving out the imperialists. One group called itself the Society or Righteous and Harmonious Fists (they practiced boxing). Updated July 29th, 2015 Page 5 In June of 1900- Boxers killed hundreds of foreigners and thousands of Chinese Christians UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Reaction to the Boxer Rebellion 25,000 troops crush the Boxers in less than a month CI XI lost a great deal of power Many Chinese felt it was time for China to move forward The Chinese felt that the only way to achieve this goal was through revolution In 1905 a revolutionary group called the United League elected Sun Yat-sen as their leader After many attacks and political turbulence, China became a republic in 1911 - Sun Yat-sen was the first President. He dies in 1925 B. Russo- Japanese War Japan had been industrializing for many years and now needed to establish more colonies (Korea). Japan and Russia started to argue over interests in Korea Japan attacks Russia in 1904 and wins the war in 1905 Few people believed that Japan could win the war against Russia Page 6 Japan annexed Korea as a colony in 1910 and would continue to expand for the next 33 years. Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement C. Russian Revolution of January 22nd 1905 Russia deals with the loss to Japan (A blow to European Pride) Workers wanted better wages & hours labor unions are formed Minorities in Russia wanted to break away and form their own independent states. People started to protest peacefully at Czars palace (a march occurred in St. Petersburg), until palace guards fired into the crowds, killing hundreds of people. (Bloody Sunday- 1/22/1905) Revolts, Riots and Rage swept the country Czar Nicholas II agreed to let his subjects elect a Duma (An elected National Legislature) Radical movements gained support in Russia. Page 7 This is the beginning of the Revolution of 1917. Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement D. Mexican Revolution of 1910 Porfirio Diaz ruled Mexico as a DICTATOR from 1875-1910 (35 years) On the surface Mexico enjoyed peace and economic growth. Diaz welcomed foreign investors MOST Mexicans were peasants who lived in poverty No education, no land ownership Unhappy with the conditions in their country, peasants started to revolt against the dictator Porfirio Diaz Francisco Madero calls for a revolution and free elections Becomes President from 1911-1913, then murdered by Gen. Victoriano Huerta (U.S. not happy with the murder) Poncho Villa - Rebel from Northern Mexico fought for personal power, but won the loyalty of his followers Emiliano Zapata Led a peasant revolt- He had been a tenant farmer and understood the poverty of the people won the hearts of the peasants and fought for better conditions. It dealt with land, religion and labor issues. th Updated July 29 , 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Page 8 In 1917 a New Constitution was approved (Under Venustiano Carranza) Land: permitted break up of large estates and restricted foreigners owning land Religion: Church land was made property of the nation Labor: Supported Labor unions Education: Constitution launched efforts to combat illiteracy and schools and libraries were set up. In 1938 Mexico made a move to reclaim its oil fields from foreign investors This showed a spirit of nationalism in Mexico (move to end economic dependence on industrial powers, such as the US) Page 9 Summary: Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Cornell Notes Topic/Objective: Crisis and Achievement Questions (1900-1945) --- World War I Level 2: Infer, Analyze, Sequence, Organize, Solve, Explain, Compare, Contrast, Classify, Characterize, Group, Synthesize Level 3: Conclude, Criticize, Justify, Judge, Estimate, Predict, Speculate, Extrapolate, Interpret, Hypothesize, If/then, Apply, Evaluate , Imagine , Deduce Name: Class/Period: Date: Essential Question/s: To what extend did nationalism and ethnic identity play a role prior to World War I and between the great wars? To what extent did technology alter the course of war and make killing easier? Identify and explain the impacts the great wars had on civilian lives. Identify and explain the attempts and failures of creating a lasting global peace. Questions: Notes: SECTION III: World War I World War I: A. Why? The physical geography of Europe was very appealing. The need for natural resources often caused friction between powerful nations that are located near each other. Great Britain was an island- nation, which was both a strength and a weakness. (Harbors, fertile land, natural resources, and capital) Britain had a good natural barrier provided by the Atlantic Ocean. th Updated July 29 , 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Page 10 Germany and France experienced tension from the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) Britain was worried about the growing German Navy and the threat of Germany cutting off supplies from their larger colonial empire. Italy had few natural resources and would have to rely on expanding to maintain a balance with developing nations. Russia lacked a warm-water port and that would mean trade would stop during the winter months. Russia was interested in a passageway that linked the Black Sea with the Mediterranean Sea. This area was controlled by Turkey, which was an ally of Germany. Decline of Ottoman Empire: Became Weak (British relations w/ the empire became strained after Britain signed an agreement w/ Russia. Germany builds good relationship w/ Ottoman Empire Rivalry b/w Ottomans (controlled Turkey) & Russia (Believed to be supporting the Christian Armenians) arose. Turkey controlled Armenians, but did not trust them Armenians protested Ottoman policies, Turks unleash a massacre on Armenians Page 11 1918 - Ottoman Empire Collapsed, it was one of the defeated Central Powers Most of the Arab lands are placed under the control of Britain and France Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement B. Causes of the Great War Causes: Militarism Governments of the larger European countries started to build up their armies and navies. Countries believed that a large military gave them prestige and power. This led to an arms race throughout Europe. Entangling Alliances Tension created by militarism, imperialism, nationalism and led to a system of secret alliances between many European nations. Triple Entente - made up of Britain, France and Russia Triple Alliance - made up of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. Page 12 If one member was involved in a conflict- the other members were supposed to come to their assistance. Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Imperialism Great Britain, France, Germany and Other nations competed for colonies And economic power. Nations competed for colonial gains in Africa and competed for natural resources Required for industrialization and Militarism. Nationalism Tension created by imperialism was strongly linked to Nationalism Europeans felt themselves to be superior to the people of other nations. Russia and Austria-Hungary competed for the Balkan nations (Greece, Serbia, Romania and Montenegro) France and Germany almost went to war over Morocco. Russia and Japan fought over Korea. a. Pan-Slavism People who belonged to this movement felt that it was Russia’s right to protect Slavic people living anywhere in Europe b. Pan-Germanism Movement sought to protection of all German speaking people in Europe Immediate Causes (THE SPARK!!) On June 28th 1914 Slavic nationalists assassinated Austria’s Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife (Sophia) Austria-Hungary declare war on Serbia Germany declares war on Russia France and Britain declare war on Germany Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Page 13 Russia comes to the aid of Serbia C. The War Fighting: The Western Front (600 mile stretch from the English Channel to Switzerland) The bloodiest battles occurred in France. Trenches were dug by both sides. After two years of fighting each side was exhausted, but neither side would surrender. The Eastern Front Germany invaded Russia in 1914 and by 1917 the Russian people lost their will to fight. In 1917 a revolution in Russia overthrows the Czar Communists took over and decide to end the war (“Land, Peace and Bread”) Germany gained a great deal of land and no longer had to fight a two front war The War at Sea Britain tried to bankrupt Germany by blockading the German coast This move proved to be effective, major food shortages were experienced in Germany. Page 14 Submarines and U-boats proved to be damaging weapons. (Germany used them) Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement U.S.A. Enters the War (1917) The U.S. tried to remain neutral and trade with both Britain and Germany Attacks by the Germans on American ships causes the deaths of a number of Americans. The U.S. was angered by the German attack on the Lusitania, 128 Americans died In January of 1917- Germany asked Mexico to declare war on the U.S. and in return - Germany would help Mexico gain back land that it lost to the United States. This message was called the Zimmerman Note.(telegram) Americans were furious and on April 6, 1917 the U.S. entered the war against Germany. The AEF - American Expeditionary Force arrived in France and provided much needed relief. Fresh troops and supplies were key for the defeat of the Germans Page 15 On November 11, 1918 World War I ended. (11th Hour of the 11th day of the 11 Month, 1918) Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement D. Peace Treaty of Versailles: In January 1919, the Allied leaders met in France to create a peace treaty The Treaty of Versailles set the conditions for peace between Germany and the Allies. Terms of the Treaty: There was a war guilt clause- blaming Germany for the start of the war. Germany had to pay huge reparations to Allied nations. Germany lost all colonies and lost portions of land in Germany. Germany had to reduce the size of the existing military forces. Wilson’s 14 Points President Woodrow Wilson presents his 14 points to the world. (Ideological Proposal) Wilson also called for the end of secret treaties, freedom of the seas and the reduction of weapons. President Wilson proposes the League of Nations to the Allied leaders, its purpose was to prevent future wars by finding peaceful solutions. Page 16 The United States decides not to join the league, fearing it might involve the U.S. too deeply into European problems. Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Weapons Machine guns, poison gas, gas masks, flamethrower, tanks, airplanes (used for observation & combat), Submarines. E. Effects of World War I Europe was heavily damaged Governments were almost bankrupt Revolution threatened many countries 10 million died, 20 million injured The role of women expanded, more women worked outside the home. Government took control of factories during the war effort. Propaganda and censorship were used by both sides Page 17 Collapse of empires: German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement The war effort and its tragedies were commemorated in works such asGeorge Cohan’s popular song ”Over There” , T.S. Elliot’s The Hollow Men, and Erich Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front. Page 18 Summary: Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Cornell Notes Questions Level 2: Infer, Analyze, Sequence, Organize, Solve, Explain, Compare, Contrast, Classify, Characterize, Group, Synthesize Level 3: Conclude, Criticize, Justify, Judge, Estimate, Predict, Speculate, Extrapolate, Interpret, Hypothesize, If/then, Apply, Evaluate , Imagine , Deduce Topic/Objective: Crisis and Achievement (19001945) --- Rise of Communism/Post War World Name: Class/Period: Global 10 Date: Essential Question/s: To what extend did nationalism and ethnic identity play a role prior to World War I and between the great wars? To what extent did technology alter the course of war and make killing easier? Identify and explain the impacts the great wars had on civilian lives. Identify and explain the attempts and failures of creating a lasting global peace. Questions: Notes: SECTION IV: Rise of Communism Revolutions: Revolution of 1917 With little industry- Russia was not ready to fight a modern war Lacked adequate weapons and supplies March 1917- Military defeat (in WWI) and shortages of food, fuel and housing sparked a revolution Duma fails Rioters demand bread- Soldiers sympathize with the people and refuse to fire on them With no control over his soldiers and with the country nearing anarchyCzar Nicolas II abdicates, March 1917- Provisional government sets up SOVIETS (councils of workers and soldiers) Page 19 New dictator (V. Lenin) would not stand for a “new” democratic government Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Bolshevik Revolution Bolsheviks- Revolutionary socialist party who overthrow Czar Led by Vladimir Lenin- Brilliant leader Moved to increase Bolshevik power over the Soviets. Slogan “Land! Peace! Bread!” won support of workers November 1917 Bolshevik’s seized the Provincial Government buildings Bolsheviks now call themselves COMMUNISTS Lenin promises peasants they could keep land seized after the March Revolution He would seek peace with Germany- WHY???? March 18 - Russia signs Treaty of Brest Litovsk, ending the war with Germany Lenin Lenin was an exiled Russian Revolutionary Worked with Leon Trotsky (led Red Army) and they followed the ideas of Karl Marx. Created a Bolshevik dictatorship- destroyed all other political parties in Russia Set up Cheka- secret police - to end resistance to the Bolshevik rule 1918-1921 Communist lead Civil War Reds (Communists) vs. Whites (those loyal to Czar Nicolas II) Updated July 29th, 2015 Whites murdered communists and tried to assassinate Lenin Communists murder those opposing revolution and execute Czar Nicolas II and the rest of the Romanov family U.S., France and Britain sent troops to help Whites By 1921 Red Army (COMMUNISTS) defeats its enemies UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Page 20 Nationalist groups rose up against Red Army and won independence (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and Poland) Both sides were brutal NEP- New Economic Policy, set up under Lenin Lenin Dies in 1924 Leon Trotsky: Energetic Bolshevik Leader Set up and trained Communist Army (Red Army) Seized grain from peasants and took control or factories mines, banks and businesses In 1922, Communists win control over old Russian Empire Reorganized Russia into a Union of 4 Republics- (USSR) USSR - Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Joseph Stalin Stalin and Trotsky struggle for power Trotsky loses, and is exiled, and later killed Industrial development under Stalin- Five Year Plan Heavy industry stressed over consumer goods Steel, coal, and iron Soviet factories and mines were run by forced labor Page 21 Prisoners often worked to death Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Collectivization Food surpluses were needed to feed city workers and for exporting to raise money Stalin combined millions of small peasant farms into large collective farms= COLLECTIVIZATION Peasants protested and destroyed crops- lead to famine Stalin has Red Army kill peasants that would not give up land 5-10 million die as a result of Collectivization Communist Government Only communists could run for office Communist Party operated at every level of society Political Bureau set up to run society Totalitarian State - total control over people, used propaganda to get people to support the party, and terror to enforce it. Great Purge-- to get rid of any rivals Page 22 Summary: Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Cornell Notes Questions Level 2: Infer, Analyze, Sequence, Organize, Solve, Explain, Compare, Contrast, Classify, Characterize, Group, Synthesize Level 3: Conclude, Criticize, Justify, Judge, Estimate, Predict, Speculate, Extrapolate, Interpret, Hypothesize, If/then, Apply, Evaluate , Imagine , Deduce Topic/Objective: Crisis and Achievement (19001945) --- Rise of Communism/Post War World Name: Class/Period: Global 10 Date: Essential Question/s: To what extend did nationalism and ethnic identity play a role prior to World War I and between the great wars? To what extent did technology alter the course of war and make killing easier? Identify and explain the impacts the great wars had on civilian lives. Identify and explain the attempts and failures of creating a lasting global peace. To what extent did colonialism lead to conflict between indigenous groups in areas formerly controlled by European powers in Africa, Asia and Latin America? To what extent do fundamentalism and westernization battle to influence modern Islamic societies? Questions: Notes: PART V: Postwar World (In Between the Wars) The West Warren Harding (President) promises “return to normalcy” Women gain the right to vote 19th amendment Women want more freedoms (work place) Technology New forms of technology altered people’s lifestyles and brought people closer together in the 1920s. Transportation/communication revolution Arts Introduction to Jazz Picasso experiments with new styles Page 23 Artists abandoned long - accepted traditions Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Economic Boom of the 1920s U.S. is producing 40 percent of the world’s manufactured goods High wages Low unemployment People start investing money in the stock market 1929 stock market crashes and it is the start of the Great Depression Banks close Unemployment Salaries fall Schools shut down New Deal will lead the U.S. into recovery Economics Worldwide Great Britain loses the role of being an economic leader Great Britain borrowed heavily from the U.S. Britain became a debtor nation Miners strike in England Britain loses some colonies (Canada) Britain continues to have problems with Ireland France was in a severe economic depression after the war Inflation Unemployment ***After the crash - there was a worldwide depression*** th Updated July 29 , 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Page 24 Political instability Rise of Fascism Italy After the war- soldiers returned to no jobs No raw materials High war debt Its best customers were Germany and Austria—who were broke Conditions were perfect for Mussolini Mussolini forms the Fascist party- which advocates the glorification of the state Like communism, Fascism is a totalitarian government Mussolini pledged to restore Italy to its former greatness Mussolini was named Prime Minister Mussolini sets up a dictatorship Kills off any opposition Germany German economy was in shambles Inflation Starvation Banks started to print money Rise of the Nazi party Hitler writes his book Mein Kampf (My Struggle) 1923 Hitler gains power and uses whatever force necessary to gain total control (1933- Becomes chancellor of Germany) Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Page 25 Hitler blames the Jews for the economic problems Page 26 Nazi Government regulated wages, hours, housing- freedom of speech, assembly, religion and press were discarded Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Has dreams of the Third Reich 1st Reich - The Holy Roman Empire 2nd Reich - German Empire 1871 to 1918 Nationalism in Middle East and Africa Turkey Countries that were colonies to European countries wanted their independence In Turkey Mustafa Kemal leads a group of “Young Turks” and defeats the Greeks. (1922) Sultan gave up his throne and Kemal is elected as the first President Kemal westernizes his country by adopting the western calendar, metric system, grants women’s rights and he reforms the legal code. Egypt Great Britain wanted to keep control of the Suez Canal Granted Egypt their independence in 1936 India India was the most important colony in the British Empire Indians wanted their independence (INDIAN INDEPENDENCE ACT will Allow for this in 1947) Some were willing to remain in the British Empire but demanded home rule Muslim League- Muslims want own state (Pakistan later formed) Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Page 27 Indian National Congress- Group of Indians trying to break from British control Massacre at Amritsar shocked the country (1919)- Riots and attacks on British citizens in the city of Amritsar- In response the British banned public meetings On April 13, 1919 British Troops fire on Indians without warning 400 people were killed and 1200 wounded Gandhi Gandhi started to work with the Indian National Congress Used Civil Disobedience and Passive Resistance Rejected Western civilization Boycotted British goods Lead the Salt March Page 28 Government of India Act- gave Indians some power China and Modernization th Updated July 29 , 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement CHINA China was not a military threat Sun Yat-sen returned in 1917 to restore the central government it did not work (formed the Kuomintang, the nationalist party) With help from the Soviet Union Chiang Kai-shek starts to modernize China by building roads and schools Chiang turns on the communists Communists flee and form the Red Army led by Mao Zedong Militarism in Japan Japan starts to industrialize after W.W.I Militarism - 1930s opposed western ideas 1931 Japan takes over Manchuria Japan continues to expand throughout the 1930s- They lack natural resources and look to imperialize. Page 29 Summary: Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Cornell Notes Questions Level 2: Infer, Analyze, Sequence, Organize, Solve, Explain, Compare, Contrast, Classify, Characterize, Group, Synthesize Level 3: Conclude, Criticize, Justify, Judge, Estimate, Predict, Speculate, Extrapolate, Interpret, Hypothesize, If/then, Apply, Evaluate , Imagine , Deduce Topic/Objective: Crisis and Achievement (1900-1945) --- World War II Name: Class/Period: Global 10 Date: Essential Questions: Compare and contrast the causes of World War I and World War II. To what extend did nationalism and ethnic identity play a role prior to World War I and between the great wars? To what extent did technology alter the course of war and make killing easier? Identify and explain the impacts the great wars had on civilian lives. Identify and explain the attempts and failures of creating a lasting global peace. Questions: Notes: PART VI: World War II Causes Militarism - large amounts of money spent on weapons and buildup of army. Military strength seen as a source of nationalistic pride Alliances, Nationalism and Racism Axis nations (Germany, Italy & Japan) saw themselves as superior to Updated July 29th, 2015 Germans believed themselves to be a “master race” UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Page 30 others Italy - revival of the ancient Roman Empire Axis nations felt the right to extend their cultures and their borders, because they were so superior Hitler invades the Rhineland- breaking the Versailles Treaty Germany invades Poland and two days later France and Britain declared war on Germany Austria and Czechoslovakia fell to Germany Imperialism - Axis nations sought to take over other lands for political and economic reasons Japan moved into China (1931,1939) Italy conquered Ethiopia (1935) Germany annexed Austria & Czechoslovakia (1938-39) World-wide depression - many economic problems Appeasement - to give in to a potential aggressor, hoping that the aggressor will be content and not commit any further harmful acts (Chamberlin of England gives in to Hitler by giving him Czechoslovakia) Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Page 31 THE AXIS NATIONS ITALY – MUSSOLINI Fascism gov’t - completely controls every aspect of the peoples’ Lives, though nationalism. Italy and Germany were ******ANTI-COMMUNISM Italy conquered Ethiopia (Africa) – 1935 Aided General Franco in Spanish Civil War (1936-39) GERMANY -> Third Reich, Hitler’s Nazi gov’t modeled after Mussolini’s Fascist gov’t Page 32 Hitler’s actions were the most destructive to the so called house of peace (created after WWI) against treaties of peace (Treaty of Versailles) Hitler ignored the Treaty of Versailles. Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Hitler’s Violations -> leading to WWII Germany factories were building deadly weapons 1936 - stated his right to control all German territory (Rhineland) 1938 - made a union (Anschluss) with Austria The Rise of Hitler & the Nazi party In 1929 - Germany was on the road to democracy - until the Great Depression hit - paving the way for the rise of Hitler Nazi Party Platform - 1930’s appealed to the Germans because the Nazis: Promise to restore law & order to an unsettled Germany after WWI Promise to improve the economy by breaking the Treaty of Versailles. (Unemployment would be reduced by increasing the size of the army & opening war materials factories) Blamed Germany’s defeat in WWI on “traitors”, namely communists & Jews within German society Promoted German Nationalism Hitler’s book Mein Kampf (My Struggle) encouraged the unity of all Germans in Europe outlined the theory of the “Master Race” Hitler felt that the Germans were a pure, superior Aryan Race Hitler used his racist philosophy to Justify of aggression ********Education For Death - Disney WWII Propaganda Cartoon******** Page 33 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l14WDZCnz-w Third Reich (1933-1945) “Furher” or leader is Hitler Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Nazi Party was only political party allowed to exist. Gestapo - Secret Police, crushed any opposition to Hitler. Indoctrination - being told or taught the same thing over and over until you believe it’s the only truth. Children - taught only Nazi ideas (Jews were bad and the root of all problems in Germany). Censorship - the gov’t used this to control what people saw and heard and read. Newspapers, radio and movies promoted Nazism. Campaign against the Jewish Nuremberg Laws of 1935 - deprived Jews of their German citizenship and made discrimination against them legal. All Jews were required to wear a yellow Star of David to identify them. Could not enter public places - Parks, restaurants, villages, swimming pools, etc. Jews were placed in Ghettos - Nazi imposed - Jews placed in these ghettos to be sealed off from the rest of society. - Temporary setting for Jews, prior to sending them to the Death Camps. Ghettos were in: Lodz & Krakow (Poland), Vilna (Lithuania), Bialystok (Russia), Warsaw, the Largest (Poland). - Surrounded by Nazi Guards. Removed phones rationed food turned down heat in winter had many roundups and arrests for no reason Updated July 29th, 2015 Page 34 many beatings, rapes and shootings. UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Ended when Hitler died. 1945. Holocaust - intentional persecution and murder of European Jews by the Germans from 1933-45. 1. 6 million exterminated mostly in camps (Auschwitz, Dachau & Treblinka). 12 million total were killed during this time Genocide - the planned extermination of a group of people because of their religion, race or ethnicity These horrible tactics of the Nazis were a horrible extension of Hitler’s Anti-Semitic attitudes Other tactics of the Holocaust (because the Nazi’s labels them inferior) Homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Gypsies, Slavs, and mentally retarded individuals) Death camps were equipped with Gas chambers disguised as showers for mass exterminations Crematories (ovens) for burning the bodies Human experimentation (human science projects) *** The Holocaust was all part of Hitler’s Final Solution - the plan to kill all Jews in Europe*** *** All of these events happened because no western nation stepped in to punish or stop Page 35 the Axis*** Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Czechoslovakia - surrounded by Germany on 3 sides May 1938, 3 million Germans live in western Czech (Sudetenland) Hitler felt “all Germans should unite” Caused Germans to riot against Czech gov’t Hitler acquires Sudetenland with no interference, as long as he promises that this is all takes Munich Agreement- agreement made with Neville Chamberlain of England (1938) and leaders of France, Germany and Italy to give German areas of Czechoslovakia to Hitler to avoid a war…..APPEASMENT March ‘39 Hitler sent troops into rest of country Western powers again too fearful & weak to show any force against Hitler August 1939 - Hitler signs treaty w/ Soviet Union “Nazi - Soviet Non-aggression Pact” Signed it to avoid Soviet Union fighting Germany for Poland -> Hitler According to Pact - Germany & Soviet Union promised not to attack each other & to remain neutral if the other was involved in war th Updated July 29 , 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Page 36 wanted it Much of Eastern Europe would be carved up into German & Soviet zones of occupation Britain & France signed a mutual assistance pact with Poland 1st western move to help Beginning of the War September 1, 1939 -> Germany invaded Poland (war begins) (Germany not happy with result of Treaty of Versailles - 1919) (Germans - under Hitler pretended to be Poles & attacked a German radio station. Hitler then attacked the Poles – blaming them for the attack on the Germans) September 3, 1939 -> Britain & France demanded German with - drawl - Hitler refused -> Britain and France declare war on Germany ** World War II begins ** Conduct of WWII: Blitzkrieg - lightening war - swift, simultaneous attacks by air & land. Used by Germany (conquered Denmark, Page 37 Norway, Luxembourg, Netherlands & Belgium) Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement France surrenders to Germany 1940 - Britain only allied nation. US following policy of isolationism. Hitler tried to make peace w/ Britain - so they would drop out of the war. England (under Prime Minister * Winston Churchill * said “No, Way”) Germany bombed England throughout 1940 -> England’s greatest defense against Germany was the use of radar England wins the Battle of Britain Hitler occupied Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary & Yugoslavia. * had his eye on Eastern Poland and Russian oil fields. Hitler moves in on Soviet Union (Breaks the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk) -> Germany’s armies overpowered Russian armies 1941 -> Soviets follow “Scorched Earth Policy” to keep Germans from advancing *** Scorched Earth Policy - Soviets destroyed farm & industrial equipment, blew up roads & burned crops in Soviet Union *** *** US ENTERS THE WAR *** December 7, 1941 -> Japan’s attack on the American Naval base at “Pearl Harbor” Page 38 led to declaration of war by US on Japan (12/8/41) Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement 12/11/41- Germany & Italy honoring agreement w/Japan declared war on the US 1942 – 1945: Stalingrad (7/1942) City in Soviet Union -> Germans battled the Soviets for the city for 6 months. Soviets lost more men in this battle then the US lost in the whole war. 1/13/43 - “Germany surrenders” in Soviet Union (the Russian/Soviet winter contribute to this) By early 1944, German forces pushed out of Soviet Union, siege of Stalingrad ended Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Page 39 Russia seized Latvia, Poland, Hungary US and Allies became active (1941) Atlantic Charter - signed by President Roosevelt (FDR) and Prime Minister Churchill’s idealistic document (similar to 14 points) Pledged to: Seek no territories Respect the right of people -> so to choose their own leaders Freedom of the seas Access to equal economic opportunity Work for an end to aggression by all nations -26 nations (Allies) met in Washington DC & agreed to follow Atlantic Charter Big Three Meeting - 12/43, Iran Roosevelt - US Churchill - GB Stalin – Soviet Union Discussed plans for how to deal with Germany (Divide Germany & Invade occupied France -> b/c Germany had control) US, British & Canadian forces - 1943 landed in Italy Mussolini fled country (Italy) By 1944 - Allies victorious in Italy – fighting against Germany Operation Overlord (D- Day) - a drive on Germany’s Western Operated by US General Dwight D. Eisenhower “Full victory. Nothing less.” Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Page 40 Front Occurred June 6, 1944 - a full scale invasion on the beaches of Normandy, France On August 25, ‘44 - Paris liberated from Nazi’s Battle of the Bulge - took place in Belgium 12/’44 Yalta Conference (Feb. ‘45 - In the USSR) 3 main Allied leaders Roosevelt, Stalin, & Churchill) meet to make post war plan. Leaders agree upon 6 points Germany should be demilitarized and divided into zones of occupation after the war Trials for war criminals (Nuremburg Trials) Arrangements for new “Peace keeping” organization were made (United Nations) Poland would have new boundaries (shifted west) acquire German land for Poland’s western boundary Russia given some Polish land, moving Russia’s border farther west USSR to permit free elections in Eastern Europe, (regions it had taken from the Germans) USSR would enter the war against Japan once Germany was defeated -> these will all lead to the Cold War In years to come 4/1945 German army in Italy, Italy gives up. Updated July 29th, 2015 Corpse taken -> shot 5 times by a mother who lost 5 sons Body hung by ankles in front of a small shop UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Page 41 Mussolini was captured and killed by Italian guerrilla 4/30/45 - Hitler commits suicide. Body soaked with gas and burnt V-E Day - May 8, 1945 Day of victory in Europe German forces surrender As soldiers march through Germany & Europe they are horrified to find the torture and death inflicted on innocent civilians by Nazis in Concentration Camps Most of the victims are JEWS Potsdam Conference - July, 1945 With Italy and Germany out of the war and Japan’s defeat a virtual certainty, the Allies issued a declaration concerning the future of Germany, while calling for Japan’s surrender. US warns Japan if they do not surrender there will be terrible destruction. August 6, 1945 - President Truman ordered an atomic bomb be dropped on Hiroshima. August 8, 1945 - USSR declares war on Japan. Emperor Hirohito - leader of Japan August 9, 1945 - US drops second atomic bomb on Nagasaki. Japan finally surrenders. Emperor Hirohito surrendered. September 2, 1945 - WWII ends This day is remembered as V-J Day – Day of victory over Japan. Douglas MacArthur accepted Page 42 victory over Japan. Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement RESULTS OF WWII Claimed millions of lives and destroyed millions of dollars of property Nuremberg Trials : Nazi war criminals were brought to justice Nazi leaders tried for acts of aggression and “crimes against humanity” Establishment of the United Nations (UN) Formed an international peace keeping organization With the destruction of WWII & Atomic weapons countries must work together to avert future wars Led by Big Five: US, Soviet Union (RUSSIA), Great Britain, France & China UN provides a forum for discussion and a means of settling Disputes Colonial Nationalism Colonial people began to move toward independence Many new nations emerge between 1945-65 Shift in Global Power European world domination ended as a result of WWII Western European nations as world leaders Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement Page 43 US & USSR (Soviet Union) emerge as “Superpowers” replacing the Superpower competition resulted in a 40 year “Cold War” * Warfare - tanks, planes aircraft carriers, battleships, “blitzkrieg”, sonar, radar, helped in defending against sub & air attacks* Page 44 Summary: Updated July 29th, 2015 UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement