Download Half Century of Crisis and Achievement

Cornell Notes
Questions
Level 2: Infer, Analyze, Sequence,
Organize, Solve, Explain,
Compare, Contrast, Classify,
Characterize, Group, Synthesize
Level 3: Conclude, Criticize,
Justify, Judge, Estimate, Predict,
Speculate, Extrapolate, Interpret,
Hypothesize, If/then, Apply,
Evaluate , Imagine , Deduce
Topic/Objective: Crisis and Achievement
(1900-1945) --- New Technology
Name:
Class/Period:
Date:
Essential Question/s:
 To what extent did technology alter the course of war and make killing easier?
Questions:
Notes:
SECTION I: NEW TECHNOLOGY
Great advances in science; technology, the arts and women’s rights marked the halfcentury 1900-1945. While the achievements in Science and technology improved health
care and the quality of life, they also made killing easier. The important role of Western
women in World War I paved the way for their achievement of voting equality.
In this short span of time, the globe was torn by two world wars and the emergence of
totalitarian governments of the right and left. World War I was instrumental in bringing the
rise of communism in Russia and fascism in countries such as Italy and Germany. The
Actions of World War I were instrumental in causing World War II. World War II brought
about the decline of colonial empires and the Emergence of the Cold War between the
United States and the Soviet Union.
Part One: 1900-1945 Science and Technological Advances
I.
Science:
 Germ Theory and Disease:
 Louis Pasteur- 1870- French scientist who showed the
link b/w germs and disease. Pasteur also proved that
killing certain germs stops the spread of certain diseases.
 Robert Koch- 1880’s German physicist discovered that
bacteria caused tuberculosis. Work of Koch and Pasteur
established “germ theory” idea that many diseases
are caused by the action of microorganisms.
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 Joseph Lister- English surgeon- insisted on use of
antiseptics, substances that destroy or inhibit the growth of
germs (on hands, wounds and doctor’s instruments)
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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
 1928- Turning Point in Medicine: Most important medical
advance was the discovery of penicillin (Alexander
Fleming). (Was not used on a widespread scale until
W.W.II) Penicillin leads to development of antibiotics
(used to treat infections).
 Advances were made in surgery- brain, spinal cord, reconstructive,
as well as new techniques for blood transfusions.
 Mental health
 Sigmund Freud- Austrian Physician,
founder of psychoanalysis A new
way of thinking about and treating
mental illness)- dealt with the
“Unconscious” (Drives much of
human behavior)- felt the tension
b/w the drives of the unconscious
mind and the demands of civilized
society caused psychological & physical illness.
II.
Technology:
 Atomic energy
 Marie (radioactivity) and Pierre Curie make important
discoveries about atoms. They discover two new elements
called radium and polonium.
 These discoveries (by the Curies) affected fields
of energy production, medicine (x-rays), and
military technology.
 Einstein - one of the greatest scientists ever
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 Einstein’s theory of relativity (1905) corrected
Newtonian concepts of time and space. Einstein
pointed out that space and time are not constant
(E=mc2). Einstein was forced to leave Nazi
Germany.
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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
III. New Technology
 Homes and Entertainment
 More and more households were
wired with electricity
 Appliances made household chores easier
 Refrigerators, washing machines and vacuum cleaners
allowed people to have some leisure time
 Farmers benefited from new technology, freezers for
their meat and heated hatcheries
 provided more chickens
 Motion pictures were created
 Radio informed people of the
news and entertained them with
newly created radio shows
 In the 1930s movies were shown with sound
 Movies also served as a tool for propaganda
 Birth of a Nation (KKK)
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 Politicians start to use the
radio to get their message
across (F.D.R. fireside chats)
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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
 Companies start selling airtime for the use of commercials
 Use of steel to construct buildings
 Underground sewage systems
(healthier cities to live in)
 Electricity  Dynamo (generator),1879 Thomas Edison (American)
developed 1st practical light bulb
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Summary:
Updated July 29th, 2015
UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
Cornell Notes
Topic/Objective: Crisis and Achievement
Questions
(1900-1945) --- Problems Leading up to World War I
Level 2: Infer, Analyze, Sequence,
Organize, Solve, Explain,
Compare, Contrast, Classify,
Characterize, Group, Synthesize
Level 3: Conclude, Criticize,
Justify, Judge, Estimate, Predict,
Speculate, Extrapolate, Interpret,
Hypothesize, If/then, Apply,
Evaluate , Imagine , Deduce
Name:
Class/Period:
Date:
Essential Question/s:
 To what extend did nationalism and ethnic identity play a role prior to World War I and between the
great wars?
Questions:
Notes:
SECTION II: Problems leading up to World War I
A. China 1900- Boxer Rebellion

Europe had split China into large sections for trading purposes

Spheres of influence (Exclusive trading rights)

U.S. tries to open China with the Open Door Policy
 Nationalism in China builds
 Boxer Rebellion led by the Empress CI XI
 CI XI opposed all foreigners and modernization
 CI XI encouraged anti-foreigner groups that gathered
together in secret to plot ways of driving out the imperialists.
 One group called itself the Society or Righteous and
Harmonious Fists
(they practiced boxing).
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 In June of 1900- Boxers killed
hundreds of foreigners and
thousands of Chinese Christians
UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
 Reaction to the Boxer Rebellion
 25,000 troops crush the Boxers in less than a month
 CI XI lost a great deal of power
 Many Chinese felt it was time for China to move forward
 The Chinese felt that the only way to achieve this goal was through
revolution
 In 1905 a revolutionary group called the United League
elected Sun Yat-sen as their leader
 After many attacks and political turbulence, China became a
republic in 1911 - Sun Yat-sen was the first President.
 He dies in 1925
B. Russo- Japanese War
 Japan had been industrializing for many years and now
needed to establish more colonies (Korea).
 Japan and Russia started to argue over interests in Korea
 Japan attacks Russia in 1904 and wins the war in 1905
 Few people believed that Japan could win the war against
Russia
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 Japan annexed Korea as a colony in 1910 and would
continue to expand for the next 33 years.
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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
C. Russian Revolution of January 22nd 1905
 Russia deals with the loss to Japan
(A blow to European Pride)
 Workers wanted better wages & hours
labor unions are formed
 Minorities in Russia wanted to break away
and form their own independent states.
 People started to protest peacefully at Czars palace (a march occurred in St.
Petersburg), until palace guards fired into the crowds, killing hundreds of people.
(Bloody Sunday- 1/22/1905)
 Revolts, Riots and Rage swept the country
 Czar Nicholas II agreed to let his subjects elect a Duma (An elected National
Legislature)
 Radical movements gained support in Russia.
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 This is the beginning of the Revolution of 1917.
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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
D. Mexican Revolution of 1910
 Porfirio Diaz ruled Mexico as a DICTATOR from 1875-1910 (35 years)
 On the surface Mexico enjoyed peace and economic
growth.
 Diaz welcomed foreign investors
 MOST Mexicans were peasants who lived in poverty
 No education, no land ownership
 Unhappy with the conditions in their country, peasants
started to revolt against the dictator Porfirio Diaz
 Francisco Madero calls for a revolution and
free elections Becomes President from
1911-1913, then murdered by Gen. Victoriano
Huerta (U.S. not happy with the murder)
 Poncho Villa - Rebel from Northern Mexico fought
for personal power, but won the loyalty of his followers
 Emiliano Zapata
 Led a peasant revolt- He had been a tenant farmer and understood the
poverty of the people
 won the hearts of the peasants and fought for better conditions.
 It dealt with land, religion and labor issues.
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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
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 In 1917 a New Constitution was approved (Under Venustiano Carranza)
 Land: permitted break up of large estates and restricted
foreigners owning land
 Religion: Church land was made property of the nation
 Labor: Supported Labor unions
 Education: Constitution launched efforts to combat illiteracy
and schools and libraries were set up.
 In 1938 Mexico made a move to reclaim its oil fields from foreign investors This showed a spirit of nationalism in Mexico (move to end economic
dependence on industrial powers, such as the US)
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Summary:
Updated July 29th, 2015
UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
Cornell Notes
Topic/Objective: Crisis and Achievement
Questions
(1900-1945) --- World War I
Level 2: Infer, Analyze, Sequence,
Organize, Solve, Explain,
Compare, Contrast, Classify,
Characterize, Group, Synthesize
Level 3: Conclude, Criticize,
Justify, Judge, Estimate, Predict,
Speculate, Extrapolate, Interpret,
Hypothesize, If/then, Apply,
Evaluate , Imagine , Deduce
Name:
Class/Period:
Date:
Essential Question/s:
 To what extend did nationalism and ethnic identity play a role prior to World War I and between the
great wars?
 To what extent did technology alter the course of war and make killing easier?
 Identify and explain the impacts the great wars had on civilian lives.
 Identify and explain the attempts and failures of creating a lasting global peace.
Questions:
Notes:
SECTION III: World War I
World War I:
A. Why?
 The physical geography of Europe was very appealing.
 The need for natural resources often caused friction between powerful
nations that are located near each other.
 Great Britain was an island- nation, which was both a strength and a
weakness. (Harbors, fertile land, natural resources, and capital)
 Britain had a good natural barrier provided by the Atlantic Ocean.
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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
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 Germany and France experienced tension from the Franco-Prussian
War (1870-1871)
 Britain was worried about the growing German Navy and the threat of
Germany cutting off supplies from their larger colonial empire.
 Italy had few natural resources and would have to rely on expanding
to maintain a balance with developing nations.
 Russia lacked a warm-water port and that would mean trade would
stop during the winter months.
 Russia was interested in a passageway that linked the Black Sea with
the Mediterranean Sea. This area was controlled by Turkey, which
was an ally of Germany.
 Decline of Ottoman Empire: Became Weak (British relations w/ the
empire became strained after Britain signed an agreement w/ Russia.
Germany builds good relationship w/ Ottoman Empire
 Rivalry b/w Ottomans (controlled Turkey) & Russia (Believed to be
supporting the Christian Armenians) arose. Turkey controlled
Armenians, but did not trust them Armenians protested Ottoman
policies, Turks unleash a massacre on Armenians
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 1918 - Ottoman Empire Collapsed, it was one of the defeated Central
Powers Most of the Arab lands are placed under the control of
Britain and France
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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
B. Causes of the Great War
Causes:
 Militarism
 Governments of the larger European countries started
to build up their armies and navies.
 Countries believed that a
large military gave them
prestige and power.
 This led to an arms race
throughout Europe.
 Entangling Alliances
 Tension created by militarism, imperialism, nationalism and led to a
system of secret alliances between many European nations.
 Triple Entente - made up of Britain, France and Russia
 Triple Alliance - made up of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.
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 If one member was involved in a conflict- the other members were
supposed to come to their assistance.
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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
 Imperialism
 Great Britain, France, Germany and
Other nations competed for colonies
And economic power.
 Nations competed for colonial gains in
Africa and competed for natural resources
Required for industrialization and
Militarism.
 Nationalism
 Tension created by imperialism was
strongly linked to Nationalism
 Europeans felt themselves to
be superior to the people of other
nations.
 Russia and Austria-Hungary competed for the Balkan nations (Greece,
Serbia, Romania and Montenegro)
 France and Germany almost went to war over Morocco.
 Russia and Japan fought over Korea.
a. Pan-Slavism

People who belonged to this movement felt that it was
Russia’s right to protect Slavic people living anywhere
in Europe
b. Pan-Germanism

Movement sought to protection of all German speaking
people in Europe
 Immediate Causes (THE SPARK!!)
 On June 28th 1914 Slavic nationalists assassinated Austria’s Archduke
Francis Ferdinand and his wife (Sophia)
 Austria-Hungary declare war on Serbia
 Germany declares war on Russia
 France and Britain declare war on Germany
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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
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 Russia comes to the aid of Serbia
C. The War
Fighting:

The Western Front
(600 mile stretch from
the English Channel to
Switzerland)

The bloodiest battles
occurred in France.

Trenches were dug
by both sides.

After two years of fighting each side was exhausted, but neither side
would surrender.
 The Eastern Front
 Germany invaded Russia in 1914
and by 1917 the Russian people
lost their will to fight.
 In 1917 a revolution in Russia
overthrows the Czar
 Communists took over and decide
to end the war
(“Land, Peace and Bread”)
 Germany gained a great deal of land
and no longer had to fight a two front war
 The War at Sea
 Britain tried to bankrupt Germany
by blockading the German coast
 This move proved to be effective,
major food shortages were
experienced in Germany.
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 Submarines and U-boats proved to be damaging
weapons. (Germany used them)
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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
 U.S.A. Enters the War (1917)
 The U.S. tried to remain neutral and trade with both
Britain and Germany
 Attacks by the Germans on American ships causes the
deaths of a number of Americans.
 The U.S. was angered by the German attack on the
Lusitania, 128 Americans died
 In January of 1917- Germany asked Mexico to declare war on the U.S.
and in return - Germany would help Mexico gain back land that it lost
to the United States.
 This message was called the Zimmerman
Note.(telegram)
 Americans were furious and on April 6, 1917 the U.S. entered the war
against Germany.
 The AEF - American Expeditionary Force arrived in France and provided
much needed relief.
 Fresh troops and supplies were key for the defeat of the Germans
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 On November 11, 1918 World War I ended. (11th Hour of the 11th
day of the 11 Month, 1918)
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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
D. Peace
 Treaty of Versailles:
 In January 1919, the Allied leaders met in France to create a peace treaty
 The Treaty of Versailles set the conditions for peace between Germany
and the Allies.
Terms of the Treaty:

There was a war guilt clause- blaming Germany for the start of the
war.

Germany had to pay huge reparations to Allied nations.

Germany lost all colonies and lost portions of land in Germany.

Germany had to reduce the size of the existing military forces.
 Wilson’s 14 Points
 President Woodrow Wilson presents his 14 points to the world.
(Ideological Proposal)
 Wilson also called for the end of secret treaties, freedom of the seas and
the reduction of weapons.
 President Wilson proposes the
League of Nations to the Allied
leaders, its purpose was to prevent
future wars by finding peaceful
solutions.
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 The United States decides not to join
the league, fearing it might involve
the U.S. too deeply into European
problems.
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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
 Weapons
 Machine guns, poison gas, gas masks,
flamethrower, tanks, airplanes
(used for observation & combat),
Submarines.
E. Effects of World War I
 Europe was heavily damaged
 Governments were almost bankrupt
 Revolution threatened many countries
 10 million died, 20 million injured
 The role of women expanded, more women worked outside the home.
 Government took control of factories during the war effort.
 Propaganda and censorship were used by both sides
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 Collapse of empires: German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian

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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
 The war effort and its tragedies were commemorated in works such asGeorge Cohan’s popular song ”Over There” , T.S. Elliot’s The Hollow
Men, and Erich Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front.
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Summary:
Updated July 29th, 2015
UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
Cornell Notes
Questions
Level 2: Infer, Analyze, Sequence,
Organize, Solve, Explain,
Compare, Contrast, Classify,
Characterize, Group, Synthesize
Level 3: Conclude, Criticize,
Justify, Judge, Estimate, Predict,
Speculate, Extrapolate, Interpret,
Hypothesize, If/then, Apply,
Evaluate , Imagine , Deduce
Topic/Objective: Crisis and Achievement (19001945) --- Rise of Communism/Post War World
Name:
Class/Period: Global 10
Date:
Essential Question/s:
 To what extend did nationalism and ethnic identity play a role prior to World War I and between the
great wars?
 To what extent did technology alter the course of war and make killing easier?
 Identify and explain the impacts the great wars had on civilian lives.
 Identify and explain the attempts and failures of creating a lasting global peace.
Questions:
Notes:
SECTION IV: Rise of Communism
Revolutions:
 Revolution of 1917
 With little industry- Russia was not ready to fight a modern war
Lacked adequate weapons and supplies
 March 1917- Military defeat (in WWI) and shortages of food, fuel and
housing sparked a revolution
 Duma fails
 Rioters demand bread- Soldiers sympathize with the people and refuse to
fire on them
 With no control over his soldiers and with the country nearing anarchyCzar Nicolas II abdicates, March 1917- Provisional government sets up
SOVIETS (councils of workers and soldiers)
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 New dictator (V. Lenin) would not stand for a “new” democratic
government
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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
 Bolshevik Revolution
 Bolsheviks- Revolutionary socialist party who overthrow Czar
 Led by Vladimir Lenin- Brilliant
leader  Moved to increase Bolshevik
power over the Soviets.
 Slogan “Land! Peace! Bread!” won
support of workers
 November 1917 Bolshevik’s seized
the Provincial Government buildings Bolsheviks now call
themselves COMMUNISTS
 Lenin promises peasants they could keep land seized after the March
Revolution
 He would seek peace with Germany- WHY????
 March 18 - Russia signs Treaty of Brest Litovsk, ending the war with
Germany
 Lenin
 Lenin was an exiled Russian
Revolutionary
 Worked with Leon Trotsky (led Red Army) and they followed the ideas
of Karl Marx.
 Created a Bolshevik dictatorship- destroyed all other political parties in
Russia
 Set up Cheka- secret police - to end resistance to the Bolshevik rule
 1918-1921 Communist lead Civil War Reds (Communists) vs. Whites
(those loyal to Czar Nicolas II)
Updated July 29th, 2015

Whites murdered communists and tried to assassinate Lenin

Communists murder those opposing revolution and execute Czar
Nicolas II and the rest of the Romanov family

U.S., France and Britain sent troops to help Whites

By 1921 Red Army (COMMUNISTS) defeats its enemies
UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
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 Nationalist groups rose up against Red Army and won independence
(Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and Poland)
 Both sides were brutal
 NEP- New Economic Policy, set up under Lenin
 Lenin Dies in 1924
 Leon Trotsky: Energetic Bolshevik Leader
 Set up and trained Communist Army
(Red Army)
 Seized grain from peasants and took
control or factories mines, banks and
businesses
 In 1922, Communists win control
over old Russian Empire
 Reorganized Russia into a Union of 4 Republics- (USSR)
 USSR - Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
 Joseph Stalin
 Stalin and Trotsky struggle for power
 Trotsky loses, and is exiled, and later killed
 Industrial development under Stalin- Five Year Plan Heavy industry
stressed over consumer goods Steel, coal, and iron
 Soviet factories and mines were run by forced labor
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 Prisoners often worked to death
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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
 Collectivization
 Food surpluses were needed to feed city workers and for exporting to
raise money
 Stalin combined millions of small peasant farms into large collective
farms= COLLECTIVIZATION
 Peasants protested and destroyed crops- lead to famine
 Stalin has Red Army kill peasants that would not give up land

5-10 million die as a result of Collectivization
 Communist Government
 Only communists could run for office
 Communist Party operated at every level of society
 Political Bureau set up to run society
 Totalitarian State - total control over people, used propaganda to get
people to support the party, and terror to enforce it.
 Great Purge-- to get rid of any rivals
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Summary:
Updated July 29th, 2015
UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
Cornell Notes
Questions
Level 2: Infer, Analyze, Sequence,
Organize, Solve, Explain,
Compare, Contrast, Classify,
Characterize, Group, Synthesize
Level 3: Conclude, Criticize,
Justify, Judge, Estimate, Predict,
Speculate, Extrapolate, Interpret,
Hypothesize, If/then, Apply,
Evaluate , Imagine , Deduce
Topic/Objective: Crisis and Achievement (19001945) --- Rise of Communism/Post War World
Name:
Class/Period: Global 10
Date:
Essential Question/s:
 To what extend did nationalism and ethnic identity play a role prior to World War I and between the
great wars?
 To what extent did technology alter the course of war and make killing easier?
 Identify and explain the impacts the great wars had on civilian lives.
 Identify and explain the attempts and failures of creating a lasting global peace.
 To what extent did colonialism lead to conflict between indigenous groups in areas formerly controlled
by European powers in Africa, Asia and Latin America?
 To what extent do fundamentalism and westernization battle to influence modern Islamic societies?
Questions:
Notes:
PART V: Postwar World (In Between the Wars)
The West
 Warren Harding (President) promises
“return to normalcy”
 Women gain the right to vote 19th
amendment
 Women want more freedoms (work place)
 Technology
 New forms of technology altered people’s lifestyles and brought people closer
together in the 1920s.
 Transportation/communication revolution
 Arts
 Introduction to Jazz
 Picasso experiments with new styles
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 Artists abandoned long - accepted traditions
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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
 Economic Boom of the 1920s
 U.S. is producing 40 percent of the world’s manufactured goods
 High wages
 Low unemployment
 People start investing money in the stock market
 1929 stock market crashes and it is the start of the Great Depression
 Banks close
 Unemployment
 Salaries fall
 Schools shut down
 New Deal will lead the U.S. into recovery
 Economics Worldwide
 Great Britain loses the role of being
an economic leader
 Great Britain borrowed heavily from the U.S.
 Britain became a debtor nation
 Miners strike in England
 Britain loses some colonies (Canada)
 Britain continues to have problems with Ireland
 France was in a severe economic depression after the war
 Inflation
 Unemployment
***After the crash - there was a worldwide depression***
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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
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 Political instability
Rise of Fascism
 Italy
 After the war- soldiers returned to no jobs
 No raw materials
 High war debt
 Its best customers were Germany and Austria—who were broke
 Conditions were perfect for Mussolini
 Mussolini forms the Fascist party- which advocates the glorification of
the state
 Like communism, Fascism is a
totalitarian government
 Mussolini pledged to restore Italy
to its former greatness
 Mussolini was named Prime Minister
 Mussolini sets up a dictatorship
 Kills off any opposition
 Germany
 German economy was in shambles
 Inflation
 Starvation
 Banks started to print money
 Rise of the Nazi party
 Hitler writes his book Mein Kampf (My Struggle) 1923
 Hitler gains power and uses whatever force necessary to gain total control
(1933- Becomes chancellor of Germany)
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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
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 Hitler blames the Jews for the economic problems
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 Nazi Government regulated wages, hours, housing- freedom of speech,
assembly, religion and press were discarded
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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
 Has dreams of the Third Reich
 1st Reich - The Holy Roman Empire
 2nd Reich - German Empire 1871 to 1918
Nationalism in Middle East and Africa
 Turkey
 Countries that were colonies to European
countries wanted their independence
 In Turkey Mustafa Kemal leads a group
of “Young Turks” and defeats the Greeks. (1922)
 Sultan gave up his throne and Kemal is elected as the first President
 Kemal westernizes his country by adopting the western calendar, metric
system, grants women’s rights and he reforms the legal code.
 Egypt
 Great Britain wanted to keep control
of the Suez Canal
 Granted Egypt their independence in 1936
 India
 India was the most important colony
in the British Empire
 Indians wanted their independence
(INDIAN INDEPENDENCE ACT will
Allow for this in 1947)
 Some were willing to remain in the
British Empire but demanded home rule
 Muslim League- Muslims want own state (Pakistan later formed)
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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
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 Indian National Congress- Group of
Indians trying to break from British control
 Massacre at Amritsar shocked the country (1919)- Riots and attacks on British
citizens in the city of Amritsar- In response the British banned public meetings
 On April 13, 1919 British Troops fire on Indians without warning
 400 people were killed and 1200 wounded
 Gandhi
 Gandhi started to work with the
Indian National Congress
 Used Civil Disobedience and
Passive Resistance
 Rejected Western civilization
 Boycotted British goods
 Lead the Salt March
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 Government of India Act- gave Indians some power
 China and Modernization
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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
 CHINA
 China was not a military threat
 Sun Yat-sen returned in 1917 to
restore the central government it did
not work (formed the Kuomintang, the
nationalist party)
 With help from the Soviet Union Chiang
Kai-shek starts to modernize China by
building roads and schools
 Chiang turns on the communists
 Communists flee and form the Red Army led by Mao Zedong
 Militarism in Japan
 Japan starts to industrialize after W.W.I
 Militarism - 1930s
 opposed western ideas
 1931 Japan takes over Manchuria
 Japan continues to expand throughout the 1930s- They lack natural resources
and look to imperialize.
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Summary:
Updated July 29th, 2015
UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
Cornell Notes
Questions
Level 2: Infer, Analyze, Sequence,
Organize, Solve, Explain,
Compare, Contrast, Classify,
Characterize, Group, Synthesize
Level 3: Conclude, Criticize,
Justify, Judge, Estimate, Predict,
Speculate, Extrapolate, Interpret,
Hypothesize, If/then, Apply,
Evaluate , Imagine , Deduce
Topic/Objective: Crisis and Achievement
(1900-1945) --- World War II
Name:
Class/Period: Global 10
Date:
Essential Questions:
 Compare and contrast the causes of World War I and World War II.
 To what extend did nationalism and ethnic identity play a role prior to World War I and between the
great wars?
 To what extent did technology alter the course of war and make killing easier?
 Identify and explain the impacts the great wars had on civilian lives.
 Identify and explain the attempts and failures of creating a lasting global peace.
Questions:
Notes:
PART VI: World War II
 Causes
 Militarism - large amounts of money spent on weapons and buildup of army.
 Military strength seen as a source of nationalistic pride
 Alliances, Nationalism and Racism
 Axis nations (Germany, Italy & Japan) saw themselves as superior to

Updated July 29th, 2015
Germans believed themselves to be a “master race”
UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
Page 30
others

Italy - revival of the ancient Roman Empire
 Axis nations felt the right to extend their cultures and their borders,
because they were so superior

Hitler invades the Rhineland- breaking the Versailles Treaty

Germany invades Poland and two days later France and Britain
declared war on Germany

Austria and Czechoslovakia fell to Germany
 Imperialism - Axis nations sought to take over other lands for political and
economic reasons
 Japan moved into China
(1931,1939)
 Italy conquered Ethiopia (1935)
 Germany annexed Austria &
Czechoslovakia (1938-39)
 World-wide depression - many economic problems
Appeasement - to give in to a potential aggressor, hoping
that the aggressor will be content and not commit any further
harmful acts (Chamberlin of England gives in to Hitler by giving him
Czechoslovakia)
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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
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
 THE AXIS NATIONS
 ITALY – MUSSOLINI
 Fascism gov’t - completely controls
every aspect of the peoples’ Lives,
though nationalism.
Italy and Germany were
******ANTI-COMMUNISM
 Italy conquered Ethiopia (Africa) – 1935
 Aided General Franco in Spanish Civil War (1936-39)
 GERMANY ->
 Third Reich, Hitler’s Nazi gov’t modeled after Mussolini’s Fascist
gov’t
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 Hitler’s actions were the most destructive to the so called house of peace
(created after WWI) against treaties of peace (Treaty of Versailles) Hitler
ignored the Treaty of Versailles.
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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
 Hitler’s Violations -> leading to WWII
 Germany factories were building deadly weapons
 1936 - stated his right to control all German territory (Rhineland)
 1938 - made a union (Anschluss) with Austria
 The Rise of Hitler & the Nazi party
 In 1929 - Germany was on the road to
democracy - until the Great Depression
hit - paving the way for the rise of Hitler
 Nazi Party Platform - 1930’s appealed to
the Germans because the Nazis:
 Promise to restore law & order to an unsettled Germany after WWI
 Promise to improve the economy by breaking the Treaty of Versailles.
(Unemployment would be reduced by increasing the size of the army
& opening war materials factories)
 Blamed Germany’s defeat in WWI on “traitors”, namely communists
& Jews within German society
 Promoted German Nationalism

Hitler’s book Mein Kampf (My Struggle) encouraged the
unity of all Germans in Europe

outlined the theory of the “Master Race”

Hitler felt that the Germans were a pure, superior Aryan Race
 Hitler used his racist philosophy to Justify of aggression
********Education For Death - Disney WWII Propaganda Cartoon********
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l14WDZCnz-w
 Third Reich (1933-1945) “Furher” or leader is Hitler
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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
 Nazi Party was only political party allowed to exist.
 Gestapo - Secret Police, crushed any opposition to Hitler.
 Indoctrination - being told or taught the same thing over
and over until you believe it’s the only truth.
 Children - taught only Nazi ideas (Jews were bad and the root
of all problems in Germany).
 Censorship - the gov’t used this to control what people saw
and heard and read. Newspapers, radio and movies promoted
Nazism.
 Campaign against the Jewish
 Nuremberg Laws of 1935 - deprived Jews of their
German citizenship and made discrimination against them
legal.
 All Jews were required to wear a yellow Star of David to
identify them.
 Could not enter public places - Parks, restaurants, villages,
swimming pools, etc.
 Jews were placed in Ghettos - Nazi imposed - Jews
placed in these ghettos to be sealed off from the rest of
society. - Temporary setting for Jews, prior to sending
them to the Death Camps.
 Ghettos were in: Lodz & Krakow (Poland), Vilna (Lithuania), Bialystok (Russia),
Warsaw, the Largest (Poland). - Surrounded by Nazi Guards.
 Removed phones
 rationed food
 turned down heat in winter
 had many roundups and arrests for no reason
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 many beatings, rapes and shootings.
UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
 Ended when Hitler died. 1945.
 Holocaust - intentional persecution and murder of European Jews by the Germans
from 1933-45.
 1. 6 million exterminated mostly in camps (Auschwitz, Dachau &
Treblinka). 12 million total were killed during this time

Genocide - the planned extermination
of a group of people because of their
religion, race or ethnicity

These
horrible tactics of the Nazis were a horrible
extension of Hitler’s Anti-Semitic
attitudes
 Other tactics of the Holocaust (because the Nazi’s labels them
inferior)

Homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Gypsies, Slavs, and
mentally retarded individuals)
 Death camps were equipped with

Gas chambers disguised as showers for mass exterminations

Crematories (ovens) for burning the bodies

Human experimentation (human science projects)
*** The Holocaust was all part of Hitler’s Final Solution - the plan to kill all Jews in
Europe***
*** All of these events happened because no western nation stepped in to punish or stop
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the Axis***
Updated July 29th, 2015
UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
 Czechoslovakia - surrounded by Germany on 3 sides
 May 1938, 3 million Germans live in western Czech (Sudetenland)
 Hitler felt “all Germans should unite”
 Caused Germans to riot against Czech gov’t
 Hitler acquires Sudetenland with no interference, as long as he promises that
this is all takes
 Munich Agreement- agreement made with Neville Chamberlain of
England (1938) and leaders of France, Germany and Italy to give German
areas of Czechoslovakia to Hitler to avoid a war…..APPEASMENT
 March ‘39 Hitler sent troops into rest of country
 Western powers again too fearful & weak to show any force against Hitler
 August 1939 - Hitler signs treaty w/ Soviet Union “Nazi - Soviet Non-aggression
Pact”
 Signed it to avoid Soviet Union fighting Germany for Poland -> Hitler
 According to Pact - Germany & Soviet Union promised not to attack
each other & to remain neutral if the other was involved in war
th
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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
Page 36
wanted it
 Much of Eastern Europe would be carved up into German & Soviet zones
of occupation
 Britain & France signed a mutual assistance pact with Poland
 1st western move to help
 Beginning of the War
 September 1, 1939 -> Germany invaded Poland (war begins) (Germany not
happy with result of Treaty of Versailles - 1919)
 (Germans - under Hitler pretended to be Poles & attacked a German radio
station. Hitler then attacked the Poles – blaming them for the attack on
the Germans)
 September 3, 1939 -> Britain & France demanded German with - drawl - Hitler
refused -> Britain and France declare war on Germany
** World War II begins **
 Conduct of WWII:
 Blitzkrieg - lightening war - swift,
simultaneous attacks by air & land.
Used by Germany (conquered Denmark,
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Norway, Luxembourg, Netherlands &
Belgium)
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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
 France surrenders to Germany 1940 - Britain only allied nation. US following
policy of isolationism.
 Hitler tried to make peace w/ Britain - so they would drop out of the war.
England (under Prime Minister * Winston Churchill * said “No, Way”)
 Germany bombed England throughout 1940 -> England’s greatest defense
against Germany was the use of radar
 England wins the Battle of Britain
 Hitler occupied Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary & Yugoslavia. *
had his eye on Eastern Poland and Russian oil fields.
 Hitler moves in on Soviet Union (Breaks the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk) ->
Germany’s armies overpowered Russian armies 1941 -> Soviets follow
“Scorched Earth Policy” to keep Germans from advancing
*** Scorched Earth Policy - Soviets destroyed farm & industrial equipment, blew up
roads & burned crops in Soviet Union ***
 *** US ENTERS THE WAR ***
 December 7, 1941 -> Japan’s attack on the
American Naval base at “Pearl Harbor”
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led to declaration of war by US on Japan
(12/8/41)
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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
 12/11/41- Germany & Italy honoring agreement w/Japan declared war on
the US
 1942 – 1945:
 Stalingrad (7/1942) City in Soviet Union -> Germans battled the
Soviets for the city for 6 months. Soviets lost more men in this
battle then the US lost in the whole war.
 1/13/43 - “Germany surrenders” in Soviet Union (the Russian/Soviet
winter contribute to this)
 By early 1944, German forces pushed out of Soviet Union, siege of
Stalingrad ended
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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
Page 39
 Russia seized Latvia, Poland, Hungary
 US and Allies became active (1941)
 Atlantic Charter - signed by President Roosevelt (FDR) and Prime
Minister Churchill’s idealistic document (similar to 14 points) Pledged to:
 Seek no territories
 Respect the right of people -> so to choose their own leaders
 Freedom of the seas
 Access to equal economic opportunity
 Work for an end to aggression by all nations -26 nations (Allies) met in
Washington DC & agreed to follow Atlantic Charter
 Big Three Meeting - 12/43, Iran
 Roosevelt - US
 Churchill - GB
 Stalin – Soviet Union

Discussed plans for how to deal with Germany (Divide Germany &
Invade occupied France -> b/c Germany had control)
 US, British & Canadian forces - 1943 landed in Italy


Mussolini fled country (Italy)

By 1944 - Allies victorious in Italy – fighting against Germany
Operation Overlord (D- Day) - a drive on Germany’s Western
 Operated by US General Dwight D. Eisenhower “Full victory. Nothing
less.”
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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
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Front
 Occurred June 6, 1944 - a full scale invasion on the beaches of
Normandy, France On August 25, ‘44 - Paris liberated from Nazi’s
 Battle of the Bulge - took place in
Belgium 12/’44
 Yalta Conference (Feb. ‘45 - In the USSR) 3 main Allied leaders
Roosevelt, Stalin, & Churchill) meet to make post war plan.
 Leaders agree upon 6 points
 Germany should be demilitarized and divided into zones of occupation
after the war
 Trials for war criminals (Nuremburg
Trials)
 Arrangements for new “Peace keeping” organization were made
(United Nations)
 Poland would have new boundaries (shifted west)

acquire German land for Poland’s western boundary

Russia given some Polish land, moving Russia’s border farther
west
 USSR to permit free elections in Eastern Europe, (regions it had taken
from the Germans)
 USSR would enter the war against Japan once Germany was defeated ->
these will all lead to the Cold War In years to come
 4/1945 German army in Italy, Italy gives up.
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
Corpse taken -> shot 5 times by a mother who lost 5 sons

Body hung by ankles in front of a small shop
UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
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 Mussolini was captured and killed by Italian guerrilla
 4/30/45 - Hitler commits suicide.
 Body soaked with gas and burnt
 V-E Day - May 8, 1945 Day of victory in Europe
 German forces surrender
 As soldiers march through Germany & Europe they are horrified to find
the torture and death inflicted on innocent civilians by Nazis in
Concentration Camps
 Most of the victims are JEWS
 Potsdam Conference - July, 1945
 With Italy and Germany out of the war and Japan’s defeat a virtual
certainty, the Allies issued a declaration concerning the future of
Germany, while calling for Japan’s surrender.

US warns Japan if they do not surrender there will be terrible
destruction.

August 6, 1945 - President Truman ordered an atomic bomb be
dropped on Hiroshima.

August 8, 1945 - USSR declares war on Japan. Emperor
Hirohito - leader of Japan

August 9, 1945 - US drops second atomic bomb on Nagasaki.
 Japan finally surrenders. Emperor Hirohito surrendered.
 September 2, 1945 - WWII ends
 This day is remembered as V-J Day –
Day of victory over Japan.
 Douglas MacArthur accepted
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victory over Japan.
Updated July 29th, 2015
UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
 RESULTS OF WWII
 Claimed millions of lives and destroyed millions of dollars of property
 Nuremberg Trials : Nazi war criminals were brought to justice
 Nazi leaders tried for acts of aggression and “crimes against
humanity”
 Establishment of the United Nations (UN)
 Formed an international peace keeping organization
 With the destruction of WWII & Atomic weapons countries must work together to avert future wars
 Led by Big Five: US, Soviet Union (RUSSIA), Great
Britain, France & China
 UN provides a forum for discussion and a means of
settling Disputes
 Colonial Nationalism
 Colonial people began to move toward independence
 Many new nations emerge between 1945-65
 Shift in Global Power
 European world domination ended as a result of WWII
Western European nations as world leaders
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UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement
Page 43
 US & USSR (Soviet Union) emerge as “Superpowers” replacing the
 Superpower competition resulted in a 40 year “Cold War”
* Warfare - tanks, planes aircraft carriers, battleships, “blitzkrieg”, sonar, radar,
helped in defending against sub & air attacks*
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Summary:
Updated July 29th, 2015
UNIT III: Crisis and Achievement