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RENAISSANCE POLITICS AND ECONOMICS 1 SETTING THE STAGE FOR THE RENAISSANCE: ECONOMICS Revival of trade: 11th century Improved agricultural techniques – increased crop production Population increase --- towns and cities New trade routes Improved transportation ( especially shipbuilding) Currency based economy (no barter system) A Renaissanceera moneychanger 2 SETTING THE STAGE FOR THE RENAISSANCE: POLITICS City-states (Renaissance originate here) Communes – associations of local merchant guilds that took care of most city services (such as building city walls and keeping civil order) New economic elite – nobles and merchants who join as political allies, economic allies and through intermarriage The popolo - (“the people”) A group of condottieri Artisans and lesser merchants; non citizens (didn’t own property); taxed heavily; pushed for political change Run by Oligarchies and dictatorships Condottieri – mercenary soldiers; provided 3 defense and kept order ITALIAN CITY-STATES 4 ITALIAN CITY-STATES --- CONFLICT Internal conflict External Conflict Fought for control of commercial trade routes; natural resources; access to sea ports Fought over territory and fought for power Competed socially – tried to outdo each other in terms of opulence, sophistication and artistic achievement 5 MILAN Northern Italy Ruled by The Visconti family Territorial expansion – used to gain power Milanese ruler Gian Galeazzo Visconti 6 THE SFORZA FAMILY Ruled Milan, 1450–1535 Francesco Sforza (1401– 1466) – replaced last of Visconti rulers Ludovico Sforza (1451– 1508) Francesco Sforza Hired to defend city but used opportunity to attack city and seize power Great patron of the arts Sponsored Leonardo da Vinci 7 VENICE Major center of trade --- crossroads b/w east and west Doge – elected ruler who oversaw lesser officials (figurehead; no real power) Merchant oligarchy Real rulers ---200 merchant families Customs House and entrance to the Grand Canal (Venice) 8 FLORENCE Center of banking and textiles Bankers for the papacy and most of Europe The gold florin – recognized as international currency Basically a republic, but controlled by an oligarchy of bankers and merchants 9 THE MEDICI FAMILY Powerful bankers Ruled Florence for most of the 15th century Cosimo de Medici (1434-1464) Ruled Florence behind the scenes Patrons of the arts – supported Donatello, Brunelleschi; built first library Cosimo de Medici 10 LORENZO DE MEDICI Grandson of Cosimo Assumed power in 1469 at age 21 “Lorenzo the Magnificent” (1469-1492) Held absolute power – exercised power behind the scenes Great supporter of the Arts (more than Cosimo) 11 SAVONAROLA Dominican friar --Preached against Florence’s “sinfulness” and “immorality” (especially the Medici) Won followers that eventually led to the expulsion of the Medici (1494) Once Medici were gone Savonarola controlled life in Florence. Bonfire of the Vanities (1497) – confiscated luxury items, books by “immoral” writers and “pagan” works of art and burned everything in a huge fire Hanged and burned 1498 12 ROME AND THE PAPAL STATES Renaissance popes: both religious and political leaders During the Renaissance, the Papacy became more political and secular A distant view of Vatican City in Rome 13 POPES AND THE ARTS DURING THE RENAISSANCE Pope Nicholas V Interior view of the Sistine Chapel 14 PAPAL POLITICS DURING THE RENAISSANCE Pope Sixtus IV Pope Alexander VI Pope Julius II 15 POPE SIXTUS IV (1471–1484) Member of the della Rovere family Favoritism towards relatives Pazzi conspiracy (attempt to overthrow the Medici and replace them with his nephew Encouraged Venice to attack Ferrara (wanted to put another nephew in charge) 16 POPE ALEXANDER VI (1492–1503) Member of the Borgia family Became Pope by bribing cardinals One of the most corrupt and immoral popes Had a mistress, threw scandalous parties, sold church offices and took property from nobles and cardinal to make himself wealthier Put his son Cesare in charge of 17 papal armies POPE JULIUS II (1503–1513) Member of the della Rovere family The “warrior pope” Restored territories in Romagna, Perugia, and Bologna to the Papal States Orchestrated wars against Venice and France had St. Peter’s Basilica constructed ;a patron to the painter Raphael, artist and architect Michelangelo, whom he commissioned to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. 18 CESARE BORGIA (1475–1507) Son of Pope Alexander VI Led Papal Armies in campaigns in Romagna Admired by Machiavelli for ruthless efficiency Illegitimate Once thought he might unify all of Italy Power declined after the death of Alexander 19 PATRONAGE Financial support of artists Means for the wealthy and powerful to compete socially with one another Types of patronage Commission artist to create a specific work Artist could live in patron’s house and create several works Wealthy Renaissance merchants, as depicted in a fresco by artist Domenico Ghirlandaio 20 EDUCATION AND THOUGHT: MACHIAVELLI The Prince (book) analyzed politics in Renaissance Italy offered advice on how to rule Admired Cesare Borgia 21 MACHIAVELLI’S ADVICE “It is better to be feared than loved” (terror keeps people loyal; affection is changeable) “A prince should imitate the lion and the fox” (fox recognizes traps; lion frightens wolves) “A man forgets more easily the death of his father than the loss of money” “Men are ungrateful, changeable pretenders, runaways in danger, eager for gain” “ By no means can a prudent ruler keep his word….If all men were good it would be right to keep promises, but b/c they are bad and do not keep promises to you, you likewise do not have to keep your promises to them. The end justifies the means. If you have a good purpose, any way you go about accomplishing it is all right 22 MACHIAVELLIAN To be Machiavellian you would be described as unscrupulous, amoral, tricky and manipulative. 23 COURTLY EDUCATION: CASTIGLIONE Libro del Cortegiano (The Courtier) Described ideal behavior for social elites Sprezzatura Role of women 24 WOMEN AND THE RENAISSANCE Isabella d’Este Education Roles as patrons of the arts Women political leaders in Italy Caterina Sforza 25 THE ITALIAN WARS 1494–1559 European powers fought for control of various Italian city-states Helped spread the Renaissance to western Europe Entry of the French king Charles VIII into Florence at the start of the Italian Wars 26 CHARLES VIII OF FRANCE Charles VIII 1470–1498 Encouraged by Ludovico Sforza to invade Italy and lay claim to Naples France enters Italy in 1494 Charles takes Naples, but is then defeated by the League of Venice Ludovico Sforza 27 LOUIS XII OF FRANCE 1462–1515 Succeeded Charles VIII Invaded Italy in 1499, taking Milan and Genoa Partitioned Naples with King Ferdinand of Spain Treaties of Blois (1504 & 1505) 28 POPE JULIUS II 1503: Romagna cities annexed by Venice 1509: The League of Cambrai—France, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Papal States vs. Venice 1510: The Holy League—The Papal States, Venice, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire vs. France 1516: Peace of Noyon 29 HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR CHARLES V Grandson of Ferdinand of Spain, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I 1521: War to take Milan from France 1525: Battle of Pavia— France defeated 1527: Sack of Rome The Italian Wars finally end in 1559, when France renounces all claims in Italy 30 THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE Altarpiece for the Cathedral of St. Bavo in Ghent, created by Northern Renaissance artist Jan van Eyck More focused on Christianity than the Italian Renaissance Began late 15th century/early 16th century 31 THE PRINTING PRESS Invented by Johann Gutenberg in the mid1400s Made printed works cheaper and more readily available Increased literacy in Europe Helped spread new ideas A replica of Gutenberg’s printing press32 CHRISTIAN HUMANISM Christian humanist scholar Desiderius Erasmus Union of classical influences and Christianity Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536) Influence on northern Renaissance art A woodcut of Adam and Eve by Albrecht Durer, a German Renaissance artist 33 RENAISSANCE POLITICS AND ECONOMICS: LEGACY 34