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AB88 Diode Clippers Operating Manual Ver.1.1 An ISO 9001 : 2000 company 94-101, Electronic Complex Pardesipura, Indore- 452010, India Tel : 91-731- 2570301/02, 4211100 Fax: 91- 731- 2555643 e mail : [email protected] Website : www.scientech.bz Toll free : 1800-103-5050 AB88 Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 2 AB88 Diode Clippers AB88 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 4 2. Theory 6 3. Experiments • Experiment 1 Study of Parallel positive and negative clipper 11 • Experiment 2 Study of series positive and series negative clipper 13 • Experiment 3 Study of combination clipper 15 4. Warranty 16 5. List of Accessories 16 RoHS Compliance Scientech Products are RoHS Complied. RoHS Directive concerns with the restrictive use of Hazardous substances (Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, Br compounds) in electric and electronic equipments. Scientech products are “Lead Free” and “Environment Friendly”. It is mandatory that service engineers use lead free solder wire and use the soldering irons upto (25 W) that reach a temperature of 450°C at the tip as the melting temperature of the unleaded solder is higher than the leaded solder. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 3 AB88 Introduction AB88 is a compact, ready to use Diode clippers experiment board. This is useful for students to understand basics of diodes and clipping circuits. It can be used with Scientech Analog Lab ST2612 which has built in DC power supply, AC power supply, function generator, modulation generator, continuity tester, toggle switches, and potentiometer. List of Boards : Model Name AB01 AB02 AB03 AB04 AB05 AB06 AB07 AB08 AB09 AB10 AB11 AB12 AB13 AB15 AB14 AB16 AB17 AB18 AB19 AB20 AB21 AB22 AB23 AB25 Diode characteristics (Si, Zener, LED) Transistor characteristics (CB NPN) Transistor characteristics (CB PNP) Transistor characteristics (CE NPN) Transistor characteristics (CE PNP) Transistor characteristics (CC NPN) Transistor characteristics (CC PNP) FET characteristics Rectifier Circuits Wheatstone Bridge Maxwell’s Bridge De Sauty’s Bridge Schering Bridge Common Emitter Amplifier Darlington Pair Common Collector Amplifier Common Base Amplifier Cascode Amplifier RC-Coupled Amplifier Direct Coupled Amplifier Class A Amplifier Class B Amplifier (push pull emitter follower) Class C Tuned Amplifier Phase Locked Loop (FM Demodulator & Frequency Divider / Multiplier) Multivibrator ( Mono stable / Astable) F-V and V-F Converter V-I and I-V Converter Zener Voltage Regulator Transistor Series Voltage Regulator Transistor Shunt Voltage Regulator DC Ammeter Instrumentation Amplifier Differential Amplifier (Transistorized) Operational Amplifier (Inverting / Non-inverting / Differentiator) Operational Amplifier (Adder/Scalar) AB28 AB29 AB30 AB31 AB32 AB33 AB35 AB39 AB41 AB42 AB43 Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 4 AB88 AB44 AB45 AB49 AB51 AB52 AB54 AB56 AB57 AB58 AB59 AB64 AB65 AB66 AB67 AB68 AB80 AB82 AB83 AB84 AB85 AB89 AB90 AB91 AB92 AB93 AB96 AB97 AB101 AB102 AB106 Operational Amplifier (Integrator/ Differentiator) Schmitt Trigger and Comparator K Derived Filter Active filters (Low Pass and High Pass) Active Band Pass Filter Tschebyscheff Filter Fiber Optic Analog Link Owen’s Bridge Anderson’s Bridge Maxwell’s Inductance Bridge RC – Coupled Amplifier with Feedback Phase Shift Oscillator Wien Bridge Oscillators Colpitt Oscillator Hartley Oscillator RLC Series and RLC Parallel Resonance Thevenin’s and Maximum power Transfer Theorem Reciprocity and Superposition Theorem Tellegen’s Theorem Norton’s theorem Diode Clampers Two port network parameter Optical Transducer (Photovoltaic cell) Optical Transducer (Photoconductive cell/LDR) Optical Transducer (Phototransistor) Temperature Transducer (RTD & IC335) Temperature Transducer (Thermocouple) DSB Modulator and Demodulator SSB Modulator and Demodulator FM Modulator and Demodulator ………… and many more Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 5 AB88 Theory Clippers : The circuit with which the waveform is shaped by removing (or clipping) a portion of the applied wave is known as a clipping circuits. This kind of processing is useful for signal shaping, circuit protection, radars, digital and other electronic systems. In other words clippers have the ability to “clip” off a portion of the input signal without distorting the remaining part of the incoming wave. The simplest form of clipping circuits is Diode clippers. The basic of Diode clipper is – one resistance and a diode. These clippers can remove signal voltages above or below a specified level .Depending on the orientation of the diode, clippers are classified as1. Positive clippers 2. Negative clippers 3. Combination clippers There are two general categories of clippers1. Series clippers 2. Parallel clippers Positive clippers : A positive clipper is that which removes the positive half-cycles of the input voltage figure 1 shows the circuit of positive clipper using a diode. Figure 1 Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 6 AB88 How the circuit works ? During the positive half cycle, the diode turns on and looks like a short across the output terminals .Ideally, the output voltage is zero. On the negative half cycle, the diode is open. In that case, a negative cycle appears across the output. But practically silicon diode takes 0.7V for conduction and a germanium diode takes 0.3V for conduction. This 0.7V and 0.3V is called clipping level or reference level of diode. Therefore the clipping level is not zero, but 0.7V. Suppose the input signal has a peak value of 10V, the output of clipper will look like figure 2. Figure 2 Negative clippers : A negative clipper is that which removes the negative half-cycles of the input voltage. If we reverse the polarity of the diode in positive clipper circuit, we get a negative clipper. Figure shows the circuit of negative clipper. The clipping level is at -0.7V. Suppose the input signal has a peak of 10V, the ideal output signal will look like as figure 3(a) and practical signal will look like as figure 3(b). Figure 3a Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 7 AB88 Figure 3b These both positive and negative clippers circuits are the type of parallel clipper. The parallel configuration is defined as one where the diode is in a branch parallel to the load. Series clippers : The series configuration is defined as one where the diode is in series with the load figure 4 (a) shows series negative clipper. During the positive half cycle, the diode turns on and looks like a short across the output terminals Ideally, complete positive cycle getting in output. On the negative half cycle, the diode is open. In that case, zero voltage appears across the output. This circuit ideally behaves as a half wave rectifier. The output signal looks like as figure 4(a). Negative series clipper Figure 4a Positive series clipper Figure 4b Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 8 AB88 Figure 4(b) shows positive series clipper. The functionality of this circuit is exactly opposite to series negative clipper. During the positive half cycle of the input signal, diode is open this gives zero voltage at output. During the negative half cycle, the diode turns on and looks like a short across the output terminal .The output voltage is shown in figure 4 (b). Biased Clipper : The reference level or clipping level of a positive clipper is ideally zero or 0.7V practically. If we want to change this reference level we add bias in the circuit. Bias means applying an external voltage to change the reference level. By adding a DC voltage source in series with a diode, we can change the clipping level of positive clipper. But limitation is that a new V must be less than Vm of our normal operation. Figure 5 shows the circuit of biased positive clipper and biased negative clipper. Examine the output wave amplitude in both circuits. Biased positive clipper Figure 5a Biased Negative clipper Figure 5b Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 9 AB88 Combinational clipper : Combination clipper is a combination of biased positive and negative clipper. With a combination clipper, a portion of both positive and negative half cycles of input voltage can be removed or clipped. From figure 6 Diode D1 clips off positive parts above the positive bias level, and diode D2 clips off parts below the negative bias level. When positive input voltage is greater than +V1 , diode D1 conducts heavily while diode D2 remains reverse biased .Therefore, a voltage +V1 appears across the load. This output stays at +V1 as long as the input voltage exceeds +V1. On the other hand, during the negative half cycle, the diode D2 will conduct heavily and output stays at – V2 so long as the input voltage is greater than –V2. Between +V1 and –V2 neither diode is on. Therefore, in this condition, most of the input voltage appears across the load. Using batteries for low voltage is impractical. We give variable voltage source by vary a resistance. Figure 6 gives the circuit of combination clipper. Examine the amplitude of output wave. Figure 6 Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 10 AB88 Experiment 1 Objective : Study of Parallel positive and parallel negative clipper Equipments Needed : 1. Analog board AB88 2. DC power supplies +5V and -5V from external source or ST2612 Analog Lab. 3. Oscilloscope Caddo 802 or equivalent 4. Function generator 5. 2 mm patch cords Circuit diagram : This experiment investigates the generation of positive and negative clipped waveform across the diode. Figure 7 Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 11 AB88 Procedure : • Connect +5V and -5V DC power supplies at their indicated position from external source or ST2612 Analog Lab. 1. With the help of function generator set sine wave of 1 KHZ frequency and amplitude 2Vpp approximately this is the input signal of clipper which we want to clip. 2. Give input signal to terminal a. 3. Monitor output signal at terminal b with the help of oscilloscope. This is the output of positive parallel clipper. 4. Disconnect input to terminal a and connect it to terminal c. 5. Monitor output signal at terminal d with the help of oscilloscope. This is the output of negative parallel clipper. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 12 AB88 Experiment 2 Objective : Study of series positive and series negative clipper Equipments Needed : 1. Analog board AB88 2. DC power supplies +5V and -5V from external source or ST2612 Analog Lab. 3. Oscilloscope Caddo or equivalent 4. Function generator 5. 2 mm patch cords Circuit diagram : This experiment investigates the generation of positive and negative clipped waveform at the diode. Figure 8 Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 13 AB88 Procedure : • 1. Connect +5V and -5V DC power supplies at their indicated position from external source or ST2612 Analog Lab. With the help of function generator set sine wave of 1 KHZ frequency and amplitude 2Vpp approximately this is the input signal of clipper which we want to clip. 2. Give input signal to terminal e. 3. Monitor output signal at terminal f with the help of oscilloscope. This is the output of positive series clipper. 4. Disconnect input to terminal e and connect it to terminal g. 5. Monitor output signal at terminal h with the help of oscilloscope. This is the output of Negative series clipper. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 14 AB88 Experiment 3 Objective : Study of combination clipper Equipments Needed : 1. Analog board AB88 2. DC power supplies +5V and -5V from external source or ST2612 Analog Lab. 3. Oscilloscope Caddo 802 or equivalent 4. Function generator 5. 2 mm patch cords Circuit diagram : This experiment investigates the generation of positive and negative clipped waveform by combination clipper. Figure 9 Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 15 AB88 Procedure : 1. With the help of function generator set sine wave of 1KHZ frequency and amplitude 10Vpp approximately this is the input signal of clipper which we want to clip. 2. Give input signal to terminal k. 3. Monitor output signal at terminal m, with the help of oscilloscope. 4. Turn the potentiometer near VA, on the board, to its fully clockwise position. This is the variable DC voltage which we want to add in series with diode to achieve a clipping level. 5. Turn the potentiometer near VB, on the board, to its fully clockwise position. This is the variable DC voltage which we want to add in series with diode to achieve a clipping level. 6. Vary the potentiometer and examine the effect of adding DC voltage at terminal m. 7. Examine the level of DC voltage at TP1 and TP2, with the help of AC/DC switch on the oscilloscope or multimeter. 8. If zero DC voltage is present on TP2 and only vary TP1 at that time circuit act like as positive biased clipper. Examine the output at terminal m. 9. If zero DC voltage is present on TP1 and only vary TP2 at that time circuit act like as negative biased clipper. Examine the output at terminal m. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 16 AB88 Warranty 1. We guarantee the product against all manufacturing defects for 24 months from the date of sale by us or through our dealers. Consumables like dry cell etc. are not covered under warranty. 2. The guarantee will become void, if a) The product is not operated as per the instruction given in the operating manual. b) The agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not followed. c) The customer resells the instrument to another party. d) Any attempt is made to service and modify the instrument. 3. The non-working of the product is to be communicated to us immediately giving full details of the complaints and defects noticed specifically mentioning the type, serial number of the product and date of purchase etc. 4. The repair work will be carried out, provided the product is dispatched securely packed and insured. The transportation charges shall be borne by the customer. For any Technical Problem Please Contact us at [email protected] List of Accessories 1. 2mm Patch Cord (Red) 16” ................................................................ 2 Nos. 2. 2mm Patch Cord (Black) 16”.............................................................. 3 Nos. 3. 2mm Patch Cord (Blue) 16” ............................................................... 2 Nos. 4. e-Manual.............................................................................................. 1 No. Updated 26-06-2009 Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 17