Download agenda item: united nations global counter-terrorism

United Nations General Assembly First Committee
United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy: Strengthening
Local and Regional Capacities
LETTER FROM THE SECRETARY-GENERAL
Dear Participants,
I would like to welcome you all to EuroAsia Model United Nations Training and
Development Conference 2013. My name is Fatma Betül Bodur and I am a junior at Ankara
University Faculty of Law.
Organized under the auspices of Model United Nations Association of Turkey, as a method to
fulfil its mission to familiarize MUN-related activities country-wide; EuroAsia MUN 2013
continues the tradition of eight years to host a wide range of delegates from beginners to be
introduced to MUN for the first time; to those who are experienced in MUN, seeking a unique
opportunity to develop in the field. This year, nine committees will be simulated in EuroAsia
MUN; each chosen delicately to appeal to its participants from different levels and areas of
academic studies and interest.
United Nations General Assembly First Committee, Disarmament and International Security,
will discuss the agenda item United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy. This study
guide and the academic structure of the Committee have been prepared by the respected
Under-Secretary-General Mr. Tunca Bozkurt. Prepared by his talent, hard-work and wisdom;
the study guide serves as a perfect first step to comprehend this particular agenda of utmost
importance in global scale.
I advise the participants to read the study guide thoroughly. You may also check further
readings and key documents which are found on our website. As a whole, the documents
presented by the Academic Team will provide you the awareness which is required so as to
follow the discussions within the Committee and fully enjoy Model United Nations.
Should you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact me via [email protected].
Regards,
Fatma Betül Bodur
Secretary-General of EuroAsia MUN 2013
EuroAsia MUN 2013
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United Nations General Assembly First Committee
United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy: Strengthening
Local and Regional Capacities
LETTER FROM THE RESPONSIBLE UNDER-SECRETARY-GENERAL
Respective delegates,
It is an extreme honour to welcome you to EuroAsia Model United Nations Training and
Development Conference 2013 as the Under Secretary-General responsible for the United
Nations General Assembly First Committee and the United Nations Security Council. My
name is Tunca Bozkurt and I am a freshman in the Economics department of Boğaziçi
University. I have been involved in the Model United Nations since mid-2010 and have
occupied different positions in many conferences, mostly as a part of the academic team.
As the previous sessions of EuroAsia MUN, this year’s committees have been designed
exclusively for newcomers of the Model UN and for the ones who would like to further
develop their skills. In this light, this year, the General Assembly First Committee, or with its
popular name the Disarmament and International Security Committee, has a topic which
necessitates good academic background and preparation and which will be a good start for
lesser experienced delegates at the same time.
This year’s DISEC will discuss the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, with a
special focus on development of local and regional counter-terrorism capacities.
Notwithstanding the necessity for a good academic background and preparation, it is an
advantage of the delegates of DISEC that most of the delegates are probably familiar with
terrorism and previous terrorist incidents in general. Hopefully, with the help of this guide and
further research, the topic will be a good opportunity for the delegates to develop their Model
UN skills.
Should you have any questions, please feel free to contact me.
Sincerely,
Tunca BOZKURT
Under-Secretary-General responsible for DISEC and UNSC
EuroAsia MUN 2013
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United Nations General Assembly First Committee
United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy: Strengthening
Local and Regional Capacities
FIRST
The General Assembly (UNGA), one of
COMMITTEE: DISARMAMENT AND
the six principle organs of the United
INTERNATIONAL SECURTY
Nations, has a special role within the
GENERAL
ASSEMBLY
Organisation: It is the only body that each
member state is represented equally; each
member has a vote of the same weight in
the
Assembly.3
General
“important
questions”
Except
such
as
for
the
admission of new member states or
budgetary matters
which require the
affirmative vote of two-thirds of the
Photograph 1: UN Headquarters in New York
members4,
the
Assembly
makes
its
1
City
decisions with simple majority.5
The General Assembly, as the consensus-
After the great destruction the humanity
has encountered during World War II,
global
community
recognised
the
requirement to establish a system that
would prevent a new world war. In this
light, an international political forum was
convened to eliminate the possibility of a
new war in the future by serving as a
mediator among the states, which is the
United
Nations
(UN).
Since
its
establishment in 1945, the UN has moved
further from the maintenance of the
international security towards being the
biggest international organisation that acts
as
a
bridge
in
telecommunications
many
to
areas
from
tourism
and
diseases among member states.2
building body6, is entitled to discuss any
matters related to the functions of other
bodies
of
United
Nations.
Its
resolutions are not legally binding unlike
those of the Security Council (UNSC), but
can be normative; in the sense that the
General Assembly can establish standards
or customs.7 Furthermore, its resolutions
are not completely ineffective, considering
the fact that they reflect the stances of the
states
worldwide
and
the
global
cooperation.8
The First Committee of the General
Assembly (Disarmament and International
Security Committee) deals with topics
related to disarmament and threats to peace
and
international
framework,
EuroAsia MUN 2013
the
the
security.9
committee
In
this
considers
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United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy: Strengthening
Local and Regional Capacities
fundamental principles of peace-aimed
and the Napoleonic Wars from 1799 to
cooperation, regulating armament and
1815.15
governing actions related to disarmament,
Walter Laqueuri argues that traditional
as well as measures for a stronger
terrorism was “discriminate” in the sense
international stability with lower level of
that individual attacks were preferred
armaments.10
rather than mass violence.16 The main
reason for this was the lack of developed
weaponry.17 On the contrary, today’s
terrorism is “indiscriminate”; great number
of civilians is killed in the attacks, while
very few leading politicians or military
officers are assassinated unlike the past.18
The high tide of terrorism allegedly rose by
Photograph 2: UN General Assembly11
the end of 19th century. At that time, many
liberation groups, especially the Irish
AGENDA ITEM: UNITED NATIONS
rebels,19
GLOBAL
COUNTER-TERRORISM
Revolutionaries20 are alleged to be main
STRENGTHENING
terrorism actors. Also, groups in Egypt,
STRATEGY:
LOCAL
AND
REGIONAL
CAPACITIES
A. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY
The history of terrorism goes back as old
as humans’ use of violence to affect
politics; namely to the first century Jewish
group Sicarii Zealots12, to the eleventh
century Islamic sect Al-Hashshashin13 and
to other eras.
Terrorist incidents actively continued in a
reduced scale through the end of the
Middle Ages into the Modern Times,14
which was the age of great wars such as
the Thirty Years War from 1618 to 1648
EuroAsia MUN 2013
the
Russian
Socialist
India and China aiming national liberation
are claimed to have committed terrorist
acts.21
The terrorism in the 19th century allegedly
included assassination of a Russian tsar,
ministers, archdukes, generals and even
American presidents.22 The assassination
of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
and his wife by a pan-Slavist group in
Bosnia in 1914 expedited the start of
World War I.23
24
King Umberto of Italy25,
Sadi Carnot –former president of France26,
i
Walter Ze’ev Laqueur is an American historian and
political commentator.
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Antonio Canovas27 -former prime minister
replaced these causes.34 As an example to
of Spain- can be mentioned as some of the
terrorism taking religion as a cause, 9/11
most prominent victims of the violence in
attacks in the United States were a
the abovementioned era.
catastrophe for the global community to
Unlike
the
past,
when
it
was
not
considered by the terrorists as a problem to
tackle with the issue more.35 Since then,
terrorism is a more widely discussed issue.
be called a “terrorist”,28 and when even the
head
of
the
Russian
Revolutionaries
Socialist
published
his
autobiography with the title “Memoirs of a
Terrorist”,29 modern terrorists prefer to be
known as freedom fighters, militants,
insurgents,
rebels,
guerrillas,
revolutionaries; but not as terrorists and
killers of innocent people; which is
Photograph 3: 9/11 attacks on the World Trade
Center36
generated by a different interpretation of
the objective of the activity.30
Amy Zalman
ii
In the interpretation of the agenda item,
generally groups acts of
local capacity shall be taken as the
terrorism occurred in 20th century into
individual capacity of states while regional
three; based on their causes.
to
1930s,
anarchism,
31
From 1920s
socialism
and
capacity is taken as the collective capacity
of states, mostly united within regional
32
communism were the causes of terrorism.
intergovernmental
From 1950s to 1980s, nationalism was the
developing counter-terrorism policies, the
main motive of terrorism, as in the cases of
role of local and regional capacity has
“Basque
Freedom”
mostly been ignored.37 It is unfortunate
(Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, ETA in Basque)
that there is no specified definition for
in Spain and “Kurdish Workers’ Party”
local
(Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan, PKK in
capacity, but interpretations. The United
Homeland
and
and
organisations.
regional
In
counter-terrorism
33
Turkish) in Turkey. Since 1980s, religion
Nations
Strategy,
ii
Amy Zalman, Ph.D is a writer and consultant on
political violence, language, and the role of both in
global public affairs.
EuroAsia MUN 2013
Global
as
a
Counter-Terrorism
comprehensive
paper,
relatively fulfils this ignorance, not by
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Local and Regional Capacities
making a clear definition, but including
1994
policies on local and regional level.
Eliminate
B.
annexed to the Resolution 51/210 on
DEFINITION OF TERRORISM
Declaration
on
Measures
International
to
eliminate
Terrorism,
The word “terrorism” derives from Latin
“Measures
word terreō, which means “to frighten”
terrorism”,
and came to English from French. In the
terrorist acts in the following terms41:
“solemnly”
to
international
condemned
English language, it has its roots in the
“1. The States Members of the
French Revolution Era, used in meaning of
United Nations solemnly reaffirm
the “systematic use of terror as a policy”;38
their unequivocal condemnation of
Edmund Burke, a British statesman, used
all acts, methods and practices of
the word as a term to describe the rule of
terrorism
the French government during the Reign of
unjustifiable,
Terror
when
whomsoever committed, including
thousands of “enemies of the state” were
those which jeopardize friendly
put on trial and as a result deported,
relations among States and peoples
starved in prison or guillotined.39
and threaten the territorial integrity
As a term widely used in international
and security of States;
relations, “terrorism” does not have an
2. The States Members of the
definition.40
United Nations reaffirm that acts,
This chapter will make reference to the
methods and practices of terrorism
definitions made by the organs of the
are contrary to the purposes and
United Nations. Also, the doctrine of state
principles of the United Nations;
terrorism will be studied in this chapter.
they
(1793-1794),
a
internationally-recognised
period
as
criminal
wherever
declare
that
and
and
by
knowingly
financing, planning and inciting
I. Definitions made by the organs of the
terrorist acts are also contrary to
United Nations
the purposes and principles of the
As
for
the
UN,
the
widest
United Nations;“
intergovernmental forum, three different
In the abovementioned resolution, it was
definitions regarding terrorism have been
further mentioned that “criminal acts
made by its three different.
intended or calculated to provoke a state of
The General Assembly, in the United
terror in the general public, a group of
Nations Declaration to Supplement the
persons or particular persons for political
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Local and Regional Capacities
circumstance
Threats, Challenges and Change –a panel
unjustifiable, whatever the considerations
composed of independent experts and
of a political, philosophical, ideological,
summoned by the Secretary-General of the
racial, ethnic, religious or other nature
United Nations- convened and included the
that may be invoked to justify them.”42
problem of definition of terrorism in their
purposes
are
in
any
in
report.44 They emphasised that the failure
Resolution 1566 on October 8, 2004,
of the member-states to agree on a single
The
Security
Council
(UNSC),
mentioned terrorist actions while calling
upon
states
to
take
action
on
the
definition affects the fight against terrorism
in a negative way. In this light, they
proposed that such a definition shall
elimination of such actions: 43
“criminal acts, including against
include “any action, in addition to actions
civilians, committed with the intent
already
to cause death or serious bodily
conventions on aspects of terrorism, the
injury, or taking of hostages, with
Geneva Conventions and Security Council
the purpose to provoke a state of
resolution 1566 (2004), that is intended to
terror in the general public or in a
cause death or serious bodily harm to
group of persons or particular
civilians or non-combatants, when the
persons, intimidate a population or
purpose of such an act, by its nature or
compel
an
context, is to intimidate a population, or to
international organization to do or
compel a Government or an international
to abstain from doing any act,
organization to do or to abstain from doing
which constitute offences within the
any act”.45
scope of and as defined in the
II. Doctrine of state terrorism
international
and
State terrorism is defined as acts of
protocols relating to terrorism, are
terrorism directly conducted, encouraged
a
government
or
conventions
under no circumstances justifiable
specified
by
the
existing
or funded by governments.46 Just as the
by considerations of a political,
term terrorism, state terrorism is also a
philosophical, ideological, racial,
controversial one; there are definitions of
ethnic, religious or other similar
various extents.
nature”
C. Augustus Martin, an American scholar
In the same year as the UNSC Resolution
who specialises in terrorism and juvenile
1566 was produced, the High Panel on
justice,
EuroAsia MUN 2013
described
state
terrorism
as;
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Local and Regional Capacities
terrorism “committed by governments and
agenciesiii
quasi-governmental
Cases of Israel and the United States are
and
considered by some as examples of
threats”
democracies engaging in state terrorism.51
directed to wither domestic or foreign
As for the Israeli case, the State of Israel
targets.47 Noam Chomskyiv defined state
has been criticised, especially in the Arab
terrorism as "terrorism practised by states
world, in the UN resolutions and in the
(or governments) and their agents and
reports of organisations working in the
allies".48
field of human rights, to have been
The three abovementioned definitionsv
perpetrating
considered targeting of civilians as an
residents of the lands Israel occupied since
integral part of terrorism. This is in some
1967.52 As for the second case, the United
cases problematic when distinguishing
States of America is criticised for backing
state terrorism from the other forms of
repressive regimes,53 including the Israeli
personnel
state
against
violence.49
perceived
Some
incidents
of
terrorism
towards
the
occupation in Palestinian territories.
violence conducted by state, such as
Israel, Turkey and Indonesia, for instance,
declaring war, sending the military to fight
are accused of conducting state terrorism
other militaries and use of violence to
by
punish criminals who committed violent
militants, while these three states, which
crimes is not considered as terrorism.50
share the same quality of being nation-
Palestinian,
Kurdish
and
Tamil
statesvi, call the militias “terrorists”.54 This
iii
“Quasi-governmental organisation/agency” is a
controversial term. However, in general, it can be
defined as entities treated under national
legislation to be guided by the government, yet
seperate and autonomous. The concept emerged
from the incapability of the dual concept of
sectors, classifying entities as public or private.
(Reference:
http://www.kevinrkosar.com/Kosar_The_Quasi_Go
vernment_01-2013.pdf) An example for the
concept “quasi-governmental organisation” can be
Ankara Chamber of Commerce (Reference:
http://www.splcenter.org/getinformed/intelligence-report/browse-allissues/2008/summer/state-of-denial), as an
organisation founded by law but is autonomous.
iv
Noam Chomsky is an American linguist,
philosopher, cognitive scientist, logician, political
commentator and activist.
v
See Part B.I. Definitions made by the organs of the
United Nations
EuroAsia MUN 2013
is why, just as the term “terrorism”, the
term “state terrorism” cannot be defined
clearly.
C.
COUNTER-TERRORISM
CAPACITY
AND
STRATEGY
BUILDING
Counter-terrorism
explained
as
capacity
the
can
be
capacity
of
vi
“Nation-state” is a form of political organization
in which a group of people who share the same
history, traditions, or language live in a particular
area under one government. (Reference:
http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/nation-state)
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Local and Regional Capacities
intergovernmental/regional organisations,
cooperation against some acts of terror
individual governments, militaries, police
without mentioning the term “terrorism”.
departments
The
and
corporations
to
three
conventions
–on
terrorist
successfully fight against terrorism. It
bombings, financing of terrorism and
incorporates the practice and the strategies.
nuclear terrorism- adopted right before the
Under the doctrine of counter-terrorism,
21st century directly mentioned “terrorism”
legal systems, human rights, designing of
and
anti-terrorism systems and pre-emptive
terrorism policies for the benefit of the
neutralisation policies and other policies
global community. Each of them recalled
shall be researched and developed.
the Declaration on the Occasion of the
I. United Nations
Fiftieth Anniversary, which called for a
a. General Assembly
cooperative action against all forms and
The United Nations, so as to fulfil its
manifestations of terrorism,57 and the
mediating
hosted
Declaration on Measures to Eliminate
concentrated
International Terrorism, which was the
entirely or partially on terrorism-related
very first attempt of the United Nations to
issues and counter-terrorism measures.55
define “terrorism” and which included
These conventions aimed to have a global
member
stance against actions related to terrorism,
unequivocal condemnation of all acts,
such as misuse of nuclear materials, safety
methods and practices of terrorism as
of civil aviation, plastic explosives and
criminal and unjustifiable”.58
financing of terrorism.56
Currently, members of the United Nations
The first two conventions did not intend to
are
take action against terrorism namely as a
convention,
whole; the first one -adopted in 1973-
complementary
concentrated
framework
several
role
among
conventions
on
states,
that
crimes
against
covered
some
states’
crucial
reaffirming
negotiating
a
which
“their
comprehensive
will
role
of
counter-
for
have
the
international
a
existing
counter-
internationally protected persons including
terrorism instruments.59
diplomatic agents, while the second one –
United
adopted in 1979- concentrated on taking of
Terrorism Strategy
hostages. Instead, these conventions were
United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism
the
Strategy was a milestone for the United
first
ones
that
gathered
global
Nations
Global
Counter-
Nations and its General Assembly. The
EuroAsia MUN 2013
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United Nations General Assembly First Committee
United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy: Strengthening
Local and Regional Capacities
Strategy summarised all the efforts the
stressed the need and encouraged the
agencies of the United Nations have
member-states
produced until its preparation.
international, regional and sub-regional
The Strategy was adopted with consensus
organisations and civil society in the
on September 8, 2006 in the 99th plenary
implementation process.63
meeting of the United Nations General
reviews of 2008 and 2010 are examined, it
Assembly; no voting was held. It covered
is visible that the General Assembly only
recommendations to the member states in
reviewed the current situation and further
four key areas:
suggestions were not covered widely. The

Addressing
the
conditions
latest
to
review in
cooperate
64
2012 is
with
When the
the most
conductive to the spread of terrorism
comprehensive among all reviews, adding

new dimensions to the debate. More
Prevention from and combating of
terrorism
specifically,

Building States’ capacity to prevent
reaffirmed that “terrorism cannot and
and combat terrorism and to strengthen the
should not be associated with any religion,
role of the United Nations system in this
nationality, civilization or ethnic group”,65
regard
which had not been included in the

Ensuring respect for human rights
the
General
Assembly
previous reviews. The 2012 review further
“the
importance
of
the
for all and the rule of law as the
mentioned
fundamental basis of the fight against
integrated and balanced implementation of
terrorism
all pillars of the Strategy, recognizing the
The Strategy also included a decision to
add the review of the implementation of
the Strategy to the agenda of the General
Assembly biennially.60 In the first review
in 2008 and the second review in 2010, the
importance of redoubling efforts for even
attention to and implementation of all the
pillars of the Strategy”66 as well as the
need to take action against financing of
terrorism.67
General Assembly stressed “the need to
According to the official records of the
enhance the role of the United Nations and
plenary meetings of the General Assembly,
the specialized agencies, within their
there is no general opposition among
mandates, in the implementation of the
member-states to the Strategy.68
Strategy.”61
However,
62
The Assembly further
EuroAsia MUN 2013
Iran
and
Venezuela
69
70
put
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Local and Regional Capacities
reservations
to
some
parts
of
“Southern” (Southern Hemisphere)
the
Strategy.71
concern—obscuring the fact that
The 42nd Conference on the United Nations
counterterrorism
of the Next Decade, held in Maryland, US
development
in 2007 hosted a review of the Strategy by
interrelated.

a group of politicians, UN officials and
specialists. According to the review, these
are some of the most critical issues:


are
United
Nations,
regional
and
member-
organizations,
states—including
distrust between the SC and the
and/or
GA.
contradictions
The lack of dedicated resources in
donor-recipient
the
partially multilateral efforts at the
Counter-Terrorism
Task
regional
Force,
the
overlap
competition
and/or
among
levels;
and
universal
UN
auspices,
efforts
the Counter-Terrorism Executive
agencies, and programs.”
(“CTED”).
Several
under
The participants furthermore agreed that
participants also expressed some
the
confusion over the actual purpose
individual states’ responses:73
and role of the CTED within the
SC.
challenges

regarding which body should have

(Northern
Hemisphere) concern while the
need for counterterrorism capacitybuilding
assistance
and
is
EuroAsia MUN 2013
development
perceived
“Developing countries’ lack of
States already engaging with the
reporting requests that overtax
The perception of counterterrorism
“Northern”
limiting
strategy are burdened with ongoing
implementing the strategy.
a
are
elements of the strategy.
the authority and responsibility for
as
below
capacity to respond to the many
Jurisdictional disagreements within
and between the GA and SC
bilateral
relationships;
coupled with the ineffectiveness of
Directorate

agenda
“An atmosphere of tension and
Implementation

the
The “division of labour” between
the
72
and
as
a
their limited resources.

The
lack
of
authority
and
mechanisms to address states who
are not reporting and/or are not in
compliance
with
the
strategy
measures.
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United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy: Strengthening
Local and Regional Capacities



Redundancy in and a lack of
aftermath of “September 11 attacks” under
coordination of the training efforts
the Security Council, provides support for
for
the enhancement of legal and institutional
officials
in
developing
countries.
infrastructure of the member states to
Ambiguity as to the status of each
combat terrorism “at home, in their
member
regions and around the world”.78
country’s
progress
in
regard to capacity-building, largely
c. Other UN agencies
as a result of a lack of follow-up on
Other than the Security Council and the
training activities.
General Assembly, there are some bodies
A consistent lack of monitoring and
and agencies of the United Nations that
evaluation
activities
also contribute to the counter-terrorism
undertaken according to the UN
policies by providing expertise. These are
Strategy and Plan of Action.”
the
of
the
Economic
and
Social
Council
b. Security Council
(ECOSOC),79 the Office on Drugs and
Since terrorism is an issue that directly
Crime (UNODC)80 and the Human Rights
threatens peace and security, it is of high
Council (UNHRC)81, preceded by the
importance in the agenda of the Security
Commission on Human Rights, a former
Council of the United Nations among other
subsidiary body of ECOSOC.
items.74
ECOSOC provided expertise on technical
Since
2001,
when
terrorism
interested the global community after the
assistance
“September 11 attacks”, the interest of the
international conventions and protocols
Council to the topic has increased and the
relating
Council
produced
comprehensive resolution texts and for
resolutions and other documents such as
strengthening international cooperation.82
presidential statements on terrorism.75 Nine
It further functioned to include the
of the resolutions were to condemn
frameworks of UNODC and the Centre for
terrorist actions,76 but the Council is often
International Crime Prevention to the
unable to decide on sanctioning due to veto
expertise provided.83
power, mostly on allegations of state
UNODC provided expertise in the areas of
terrorism.77
crime prevention and criminal justice, rule
In
has
addition,
consequently
the
Counter-Terrorism
Committee, founded in 2001 in the
EuroAsia MUN 2013
of
law,
organized
for
to
implementing
terrorism
drug
control,
crime,
by
the
proposing
transnational
money-laundering,
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United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy: Strengthening
Local and Regional Capacities
corruption
and
related
international
cooperation in criminal matters with
operational
capacity.84
i. European Union
The
European Union (the Union, EU) is a
legislative
supra-national organisation consisting of
incorporation and implementation of the
28 member-states. It has been initiated
universal legal regime against terrorism via
with the purpose of creating political,
its Terrorism Prevention Branch.85
economic, social and legal cohesion in the
In 2005, the Commission on Human Rights
European continent.89 According to the
and UNHRC -as its successor- appointed a
related framework decision of the Council
Special Rapporteur on the promotion and
of the European Union, the Union “is
protection
and
founded on the universal values of human
fundamental freedoms while countering
dignity, liberty, equality and solidarity,
terrorism.86 This contribution plays an
respect for human rights and fundamental
important role, considering the coverage of
freedoms and is based on the principle of
the specialisation area of the UNHRC
democracy and the principle of the rule of
Rapporteur in the UN Global Counter-
law, principles which are common to the
Office
field-level
a. Europe
further
Terrorism
Rapporteur
supported
of
human
Strategy.87
is
rights
The
mandated
recommendations;
Special
Member States”90 and therefore “terrorism
make
constitutes one of the most serious
to
provide
advisory
violations of those principles”.91
service and technical assistance; identify
The quality of terrorism to possibly affect
and
gather
multiple countries has made it necessary
information from concerned people and
for the EU to have a counter-terrorism
organisations via country visits; integrate a
strategy.92 The Union has a counter-
gender perspective during their term of
terrorism strategy since November 2005.
mandate; develop a regular dialogue and
The European Union Counter-Terrorism
encourage cooperation with governments
Strategy is based on democracy, dialogue
and all relevant actors; including relevant
and good governance, so as to prevent
UN bodies, agencies and programmes; and
radicalisation by tackling its roots.
report regularly to the Human Rights
reason why the Union specially deals with
Council and the General Assembly.88
radicalisation is based on the fact that it
II.
considers radicalisation leads to acts of
promote
good
practices;
Inter-governmental
and regional cooperation
EuroAsia MUN 2013
organisations
93
The
terrorism.94
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United Nations General Assembly First Committee
United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy: Strengthening
Local and Regional Capacities
The Strategy is organised in four pillars:
States of America.98 Apart from the
Prevention,
and
decisions, a “Convention on the Prevention
Response.95 The Strategy, to this end; aims
of Terrorism” was signed by the members
to
further
of the Council of Europe and some non-
dialogue and promotion of democratic
members, namely Canada, the Holy See,
values
Japan, Mexico and the USA.99
combat
of
Protection,
Pursuit
radicalisation
the
Union;
via
reduce
the
100
The
vulnerability of targets to attack with
Convention is important in the counter-
collective action for border security,
terrorism efforts of the Council and is
transportation
cross-border
aimed to strengthen both cooperative and
infrastructures; and pursue terrorists across
national capacities.101 It aims to strengthen
borders and suppress the sources of
member
financing of terrorist activities.96
capacities in two different ways: 102
and
other
However, the Union still sees that the

“by
States’
counter-terrorism
establishing
as
criminal
threat of terrorism remains high, despite
offences certain acts that may lead
the combined efforts of several institutions
to the commission of terrorist
and states Union-wide and worldwide.97
offences,
ii. Council of Europe
provocation,
Council
of
Europe
(CoE)
is
an
international organisation consisting of 47
namely:
public
recruitment
and
training

by reinforcing co-operation on
member-states. It has been initiated with
prevention both internally (national
the purpose of promoting cooperation
prevention
among all countries of Europe in the areas
internationally
of legislation, human rights, democratic
existing extradition and mutual
development, the rule of law and cultural
assistance
cooperation.
additional means).”
policies),
(modification
arrangements
There are several decisions (such as
b. Africa and the Middle East
resolutions,
i. African Union
declarations,
reports,
and
of
and
recommendations, opinions) made by the
The attempts of the African Union
organs of the Council of Europe. Just as
regarding the counter-terrorism policies so
the United Nations, the efforts were
far are: (1) Algiers Convention on the
stepped up after the “September 11
Prevention and Combating of Terrorism in
attacks” that took place in the United
1999 (prepared by the Organisation of
EuroAsia MUN 2013
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United Nations General Assembly First Committee
United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy: Strengthening
Local and Regional Capacities
African Unity, the predecessor of the
Prevention and Combating of Terrorism
African Union), (2) Dakar Declaration
and
against Terrorism in 2001 and (3) High-
Terrorism.107 The Plan of Action of the
level intergovernmental meeting on the
meeting covered many aspects that the
prevention of and combating terrorism in
member states require in both individual
Africa and the Plan of Action of the
and collective counter-terrorism, namely
meeting.
police and border control, legislative and
Algiers Convention on the Prevention and
judicial measures –possible amendments to
Combating
1999
the national laws and their implementation-
condemned all acts of terrorism while
, suppressing the financing of terrorism,
recognising the self-determination right.103
exchange
of
The Convention mostly concentrated on
further
coordination
cooperation areas, possible legal provisions
continental and international levels and the
and legal assistance.
role of the Union and its organs.108
Dakar Declaration against Terrorism in
ii. League of Arab States
2001 was adopted a month after the 9/11
Interior ministers of the Arab states,
attack.104 With the Declaration, the Union
following the rise of Islamic extremist
condemned the attack and expressed firm
violence in the aftermath of the Gulf War,
stance for cooperation among states against
began discussing ways to establish an anti-
acts of terrorism, be it perpetrated by
terrorism cooperation.109 However, the
individuals, groups, or States.105
discussions ended up with a formal action
In September 2002, a high-level meeting
in January 1996, after four years of
was convened in Algiers, Algeria by the
discussion, despite the numerous meetings
African Union, on the prevention and
and reportedly examined several different
combating of terrorism in Africa.106 The
recommendations.110
high-level meeting ended up with a Union-
action was adopting a code of ethics
wise detailed counter-terrorism policy. The
“wherein Arab states commit themselves to
meeting summarised all the previous
combat
counter-terrorism efforts; the firm stance
participating or engaging in terrorist
against terrorism, which constitutes the
actions
need for such a high-level meeting, was
perpetrators of such acts”.111 In August
based on the Algiers Convention on the
1996, the ministers agreed on what the
of
Terrorism
EuroAsia MUN 2013
in
the
Dakar
information,
terrorism
or
Declaration
and
offering
establishing
at
The
against
regional,
first
formal
abstain
asylum
to
from
the
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United Nations General Assembly First Committee
United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy: Strengthening
Local and Regional Capacities
definition of terrorism does not include;
region”117 and the Bangalore Summit
they excluded “armed struggles by peoples
Declaration
under foreign occupation to free their
member states agreed on cooperating in
lands and realize their rights of self-
terrorism-related policies,118 a “Regional
determination”112 from the definition,
Convention on Suppression of Terrorism”
which they use as the basis of the use of
was produced. The Convention generally
violence against Israel.113
concentrates on cooperation and mutual
After two years of attempts for a solution,
assistance in suppression of terrorism. In
an
and
2004, SAARC member states adopted an
Extremism” was adopted on April 22,
additional protocol to strengthen the
1998. The accord called for a strong stance
convention in the field of combating
against terrorism and cooperation among
financing of terrorism, giving reference to
Arab states.114
the
On November 19, 2009, the Council of
documents of the United Nations.119
Justice Ministers decided to strengthen the
ii.
existing
Nations (ASEAN)
“accord
to
fight
cooperation
Terrorism
in
counter-
of
1986
conventions
Association
where
and
of
SAARC
other
Southeast
related
Asian
terrorism.115 On March 28, 2010, the
ASEAN Convention on Counter-Terrorism
Council of the League gathered at the
(ACCT), signed in 2007 and completed its
summit level and adopted a resolution on
ratification process in 2013,120 serves as
international terrorism and its suppression,
the “framework for regional cooperation to
which included a call for continuing
counter, prevent and suppress terrorism
dialogue and cooperation with the Security
and
Council Counter Terrorism Committee.116
cooperation”.121
deepen
counter-terrorism
“With all ASEAN Member States aboard
c. Asia
on the ACCT, ASEAN has taken another
i. South Asian Association for Regional
step in fulfilling the ASEAN Political and
Cooperation (SAARC)
Security Blueprintvii, and in developing a
Based on the Dhaka Summit in 1985 where
“the Heads of State or Government of the
Member States of the SAARC recognized
the seriousness of the problem of terrorism
as it affects the security and stability of the
EuroAsia MUN 2013
vii
This is the prototype of ASEAN Political-Security
Community (“APSC”); envisaging ASEAN to become
a “rules-based Community of shared values and
norms; a cohesive, peaceful, stable and resilient
region with shared responsibility for comprehensive
security; as well as a dynamic and outward-looking
region in an increasingly integrated and
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United Nations General Assembly First Committee
United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy: Strengthening
Local and Regional Capacities
safer and more secure ASEAN for
law enforcement authorities in different
everyone.”122
countries”.124
The Convention reaffirmed that “terrorism
The Convention included measures to
cannot and should not be associated with
prevent financing of terrorism and money
any religion, nationality, civilisation or
laundering; cooperate on border controls;
ethnic group” and stressed the importance
cooperate
of identifying the roots
of terrorist
agencies and in legal areas; transfer people
incidents. It enabled cooperation in many
in custody; deny refugee and asylum-
areas from financing of terrorism to cross-
seeking
border
terrorism-related
activities
and
called
for
among
status
law
of
enforcement
those
partook
activities.
in
While
establishment of new jurisdiction in parties
cooperating in the mentioned fields, the
to the Convention.
Convention emphasised the necessity of
d. The Americas
non-discrimination
Just as the other regional organisations, the
human rights and the rule of law.125
Organisation of American States, having
Apart
most of the states in the Americas as its
constitutes the basis of the counter-
members, including the United States of
terrorism strategy of the Organisation, the
America, has a crucial role in counter-
Inter-American
terrorism strategies of the continent.
Terrorism has an active role operating
Members
developed
projects on capacity building and technical
work
assistance, in the fields of maritime
of
OAS
have
comprehensive
policies
cooperation
towards
terrorism.123
The
to
in
from
the
and
application
Convention
Committee
combating
security,
aviation
security,
Inter-American
security,
immigration
and
of
which
against
document
customs,
Convention against Terrorism –adopted in
legislative assistance, countering financing
2002- “seeks to prevent the financing of
of terrorism, cyber-security, security of
terrorist
tourism and international coordination and
activities,
strengthen
border
controls and increase cooperation among
cooperation.126
D. CONCLUSION
From the Bible’s Old Testament to the
interdependent world”. The Blueprint provides a
timetable and a roadmap to establish APSC by the
year 2015. (Reference:
http://www.asean.org/communities/aseanpolitical-security-community)
EuroAsia MUN 2013
present day, terrorism has always existed
in the lives of the humankind.127 Methods
of it have altered, however some people
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United Nations General Assembly First Committee
United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy: Strengthening
Local and Regional Capacities
considered violence and killing people as
generated by terrorism still exists in the
the best way to reach their ideals, be it
daily agenda of some people, be it
individuals or states.
perpetrated by a state or a terrorist entity.
As claimed by specialists, terrorism is not
Bearing in mind the legal status of the
something to be stopped only with one
Strategy, which is basically a General
single action, which is mostly interpreted
Assembly resolution, it is important to help
as military action or ignorance. As George
member states and regional or other
W. Bush, former president of the United
political
States, stated, terrorism is not created by
individual (local) and collective (regional)
fighting the terrorists, but is invited by
capacity
ignoring them.128 Jason Burke’s –a British
terrorism.
organisations
towards
enhance
their
fight
their
against
journalist- example on al-Qaeda can be
“Everyone’s
generalised: It is required “to recognise
stopping terrorism. Well, there’s
that widespread terrorist organisations
really
represent ideologies, not organisations.
participating in it.” ― Noam
There is no point in talking about
Chomsky
an
worried
easy
about
way:
Stop
masterminds or hunting for a global
E. POINTS THAT A RESOLUTION
headquarters. There are none.”129 As a
SHOULD COVER
successful example in the near future, it is
Below are listed the points that are
effective in the counter-terrorism policies
required to be covered in any proposed
to “mix 'hard' coercive measures, (…), with
a 'soft' political strategy that undercuts the
draft resolution and the final resolution of
the committee:
130
legitimacy of the militants' claims”
Intergovernmental
organisations,
especially the United Nations, have been
working on the combating of terrorism for
a long period, with examining all the
aspects from ensuring the rule of law and
the human rights to its financing. The
United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism
Strategy can be considered a great success
considering its extent. However, violation
EuroAsia MUN 2013

General stance of the General
Assembly First Committee on international
terrorism

Role
of
local
and
regional
capacities in combating terrorism and the
implementation of the United Nations
Global
Counter-Terrorism
Strategy,
measures to advance local and regional
capacities
Page 18
United Nations General Assembly First Committee
United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy: Strengthening
Local and Regional Capacities

Reasons for the inefficiency of
local-, regional- and international-level
counter-terrorism policies

Areas the United Nations Global
Counter-Terrorism
strategy
papers
Strategy
of
and
states
the
and
intergovernmental organisations lack

Recommendations
of
the
Committee to the related organs of the
United
Nations
and
to
other
international/supranational bodies

Recommendations for ensuring the
successful implementation of the United
Nations
Global
Counter-Terrorism
Strategy in general
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"The United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism
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62
"The United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism
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Plenary Meeting of the United Nations General
Assembly, New York, 8th September.
63
"The United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism
Strategy". 2008. resolution adopted at 120th
Plenary Meeting of the United Nations General
Assembly, New York, 5th September.
64
"The United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism
Strategy". 2010. resolution adopted at 117th
Plenary Meeting of the United Nations General
Assembly, New York, 8th September.
65
"The United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism
Strategy Review". 2012. resolution adopted
at 120th Plenary Meeting of the United Nations
General Assembly, New York, 29th June.
66
Ibid.
67
Ibid.
68
General Assembly Renews Commitment to
Strengthening 2006 Global Counter-Terrorism
Strategy, Calls For Stepped Up, Integrated
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.doc.htm [Accessed: 4 Nov 2013].
69
With Consensus Resolution, General Assembly
Reiterates
Unequivocal
Condemnation
of
Terrorism, Reaffirms Support For 2006 Un Global
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United Nations General Assembly First Committee
United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy: Strengthening
Local and Regional Capacities
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71
Ibid.
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"Implementation of the UN Global
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73
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77
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78
Gilmore, G. 2005. Staying on Offense Key to
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79
UN.org. n.d. Economic and Social Council ECOSOC - United Nations Action to Counter
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80
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81
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82
Ibid.
83
Ibid.
84
UNODC.org. The Role of UNODC in Terrorism
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85
Ibid.
86
OHCHR.org. Special Rapporteur on the
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87
United Nations General Assembly. 1996.
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88
OHCHR.org. n.d. Special Rapporteur on
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89
Europa.eu. 2013. EUROPA - How the EU works.
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90
Council of the European Union, Framework
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91
Ibid.
92
Khandekar, G. 2011. The EU as a Global Actor
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93
Europa.eu. n.d. Counter-terrorism strategy.
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94
European Commission's Expert Group on Violent
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Leading to Acts of Terrorism. [report].
95
Ibid.
96
Ibid.
97
Ue.eu.int. 2013. Consilium - Fight against
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at:
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98
Council of Europe. 2013. Terrorism. [online]
Available at: http://hub.coe.int/what-we-do/rule-oflaw/terrorism [Accessed: 17 Oct 2013].
99
Conventions.coe.int. 2013. Council of Europe Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of
Terrorism (CETS No. 196). [online] Available at:
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Local and Regional Capacities
http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/1
96.htm [Accessed: 17 Oct 2013].
100
Conventions.coe.int. n.d. Council of Europe CETS no. 196 - Renewal of Reservations related to
the Council of Europe Convention on the
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http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/
196-1.htm#ART20 [Accessed: 31 Oct 2013].
101
Conventions.coe.int. 2013. Council of Europe Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of
Terrorism (CETS No. 196). [online] Available at:
http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/1
96.htm [Accessed: 17 Oct 2013].
102
Conventions.coe.int. n.d. Council of Europe Summary of the Council of Europe Convention on
the Prevention of Terrorism (CETS No. 196).
[online]
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103
"OAU Convention on the Prevention and
Combating of Terrorism". 1999. adopted in Algiers.
104
"Dakar Declaration Against Terrorism". 2001.
adopted in Dakar, 17th October.
105
Ibid.
106
"Report of the African Union High-Level InterGovernmental Meeting on the Prevention and
Combating of Terrorism in Africa". 2002. report
presented in African Union High-Level InterGovernmental Meeting on the Prevention and
Combating of Terrorism in Africa, Algiers, 11th14th September. Algiers.
107
Ibid.
108
Ibid.
109
Mann, H. 1998. Arab Anti-Terror Efforts:.
[online]
Available
at:
http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policyanalysis/view/arab-anti-terror-efforts-assessing-anarab-league-initiative [Accessed: 18 Oct 2013].
110
Ibid.
111
Ibid.
112
Ibid.
113
Ibid.
114
The Institute for Counter-Terrorism. 1998. Arab
League States sign an accord to fight Terrorismand
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[online]
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d=29 [Accessed: 18 Oct 2013].
115
Summary of the most important efforts made by
the League of Arab States to prevent terrorists from
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116
Ibid.
117
"SAARC Regional Convention on Suppression
on Terrorism". 1987. convention adopted at
Eleventh SAARC Summit, Kathmandu, 4th
November. Kathmandu.
118
Ibid.
119
"Additional Protocol to the SAARC Regional
Convention on Suppression of Terrorism ". 2004.
protocol adopted at Twelfth SAARC Summit,
Islamabad, 6th January. Islamabad.
120
ASEAN Convention on Counter-Terrorism
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2013].
121
Ibid.
122
ASEAN Convention on Counter-Terrorism
Completes Ratification Process. 2013. ASEAN
Secretariat
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123
OAS.org. n.d. OAS :: Actions Against
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124
"AG/RES. 1840 (XXXII-O/02) Inter-American
Convention Against Terrorism". 2002. convention
adopted at Second Plenary Session, 3rd June.
125
"AG/RES. 1840 (XXXII-O/02) Inter-American
Convention Against Terrorism". 2002. paper
presented at Second Plenary Session, 3rd June.
126
"Report on Activities of the Secretariat of the
Inter-American Committee against Terrorism".
2012. report presented at Twelfth Regular Session
of Inter-American Committee against Terrorism,
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Laqueur, W. 2007. Terrorism: A Brief History.
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128
Gilmore, G. 2005. Staying on Offense Key to
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Burke, J. 2005. Seven ways to stop the terror.
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uly7.terrorism1 [Accessed: 20 Oct 2013]. The
original statement is “We need to recognise that 'alQaeda' is an ideology, not an organisation. There is
no point in talking about masterminds or hunting
for a global headquarters. There are none.”
130
Ibid.
EuroAsia MUN 2013
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