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BIOL 4130.03 PLANT EVOLUTION Dr. J.S. Shore, rm 204 Lumbers Dept. Biology, York University Email [email protected] http://www.yorku.ca/shore/ COURSE SCHEDULE Two 1-hour lectures weekly on Monday and Wednesday 1:30-2:30 room LSB 107 One lab/seminar per week Thur 2:30 – 5:30 room 126 Lumbers This lab will consist of roughly 4 practical or demonstration periods, 4 project periods and 4 seminar periods. GRADING SCHEME Test 1. midterm 15% date Thursday Oct 17th, 2013 Test 2. final 30% data tba Seminar 10% Essay 20% TBA Phylogenetic Research project 15% TBA Lab performance, short write-ups and participation 10% 1. COURSE SUMMARY This is an upper-level course in plant evolution involving concepts from evolutionary biology and related disciplines including genetics, systematics, and ecology. It is concerned with the analysis of patterns of variation among plants and the evolutionary processes which brought them about. The course will begin with a brief introduction to evolutionary biology and is followed by a discussion of the types and methods by which variation is regulated in plant populations. Topics include: speciation, hybridization, coevolution, reproductive strategies and their evolution, phylogenetics and adaptive radiation. This course is really geared to 4th year students since it is an advanced course in plant evolution and requires that you have mastered a body of knowledge in the fields of evolution, population genetics, statistics and ecology. LEARNING OUTCOMES Upon successful completion of this course, students should : Have an appreciation for the kinds of questions asked, and approaches taken, to study plant evolution. Analyse data indicating which characters are subject to direct or indirect selection. Construct a phylogeny using DNA sequence data Interpret the data on levels of genetic variation within and between plant populations and species and the factors regulating this variability. Understand the cytogenetic phenomenon involved in plant evolution, and their effect(s) on recombination and reproductive isolation Understand how various plant breeding systems might enhance outcrossing, and/or male or female fitness and be able to interpret the data Have an ability to understand the scientific literature in plant evolutionary biology 2. REFERENCES A. This is an upper-level undergraduate course that relies heavily on research papers published in journals. Journals which you may find useful include: American Naturalist; Ecology; Evolution; Genetics; Heredity; Journal of Ecology; Systematic Biology; Taxon; Canadian Journal of Botany; American Journal of Botany; Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. There isn't a text book for this course and I have listed a number of books below that might be of value for various topics we cover. The book by Briggs and Walters (1997) perhaps gives the best overall coverage although it will also be missing certain fields we will consider. B. USEFUL BOOKS 1. Barrett, S.C.H. (ed) 1992. Evolution and Function of Heterostyly. Springer, New York 2. Briggs, D. and S.M. Walters. 1997. Plant Variation and Evolution.Cambridge University Press, 3rd edition. 3. Davis, P.H. and V.H. Heywood. 1963. Principles of angiosperm taxonomy. McGraw-Hill, World University Library Series. NY. 4. de Nettancourt, D. 1977. Incompatibility in Angiosperms. Springer, New York. 5. Dirzo, R. and J. Sarukhan (eds). 1984. Perspectives on Plant Population Ecology. Sinauer, Mass. 6. Dobzhansky, T. et al. 1977. Evolution. Freeman, San Francisco. 7. Doyle JJ. and B.S. Gaut (eds). 2000. Plant Molecular Evolution. Kluwer, Boston Available online as it was originally published as an issue in the journal Plant Molecular Biology V42(1) pp. 1-272 8. Ford, E.B. 1975. Ecological Genetics. Halstead, New York. 9. Frankel, R. and E. Galun. 1977. Pollination Mechanisms, Reproduction and Plant Breeding. Springer, New York. 10. Franklin-Tong V.E. (ed) 2008. Self-Incompatibility in Flowering Plants. Springer, Berlin. 11. Grant, V. 1971. Plant Speciation. Columbia, New York. 12. Harder, L.D. and S.C.H. Barrett (eds). 2006. Ecology and Evolution of Flowers. Oxford University Press NY. Book can be accessed online through the York Library system. 13. Harper, J.L. 1977. Plant Population Biology. Academic Press, NY. 14. Jones, D.A. and D.A. Wilkins. 1971. Variation and Adaptation in plant species. Heinemann Educational Books, London. 15. Judd, W.S. et al. 2008. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach. 3rd ed. Sinauer, Mass. 16. Kawano, S. (ed). Biological Approaches and Evolutionary Trends in Plants. Academic Press, New York. 17. Levin D.A. 2002. The Role of Chromosomal Change in Plant Evolution. Oxford University Press, NY. 18. Lewontin, R.C. 1974. The Genetic Basis of Evolutionary Change. Columbia, New York. 19. Lloyd, D.G. and S.C.H. Barrett. 1996. Floral Biology. Chapman. NY. 20. Lovett Doust, J. and L. Lovett Doust (eds.) 1988. Plant Reproductive Ecology. Oxford, New York. 21. Richards, A.J. 1986. Plant Breeding Systems. Allen, Boston. 22. Soltis, D.E. and P.S. Soltis (eds.). 1989. Isozymes in Plant Biology. Dioscorides Press, Portland. 23. Stebbins, G.L. 1950. Variation and Evolution in Plants. Columbia, New York. 24. Stebbins, G.L. 1971. Chromosomal Evolution in Higher Plants. Addison-Wesley, Toronto 25. Stebbins, G.L. 1974. Flowering Plant Evolution Above the Species Level. Belknap, Cambridge. 26. Willson, M.F. 1983. Plant Reproductive Ecology. Wiley 27. Wyatt, R. 1992. Ecology and Evolution of Plant Reproduction. Chapman and Hall, New York. 3. COURSE OUTLINE I. EVOLUTIONARY THEORY Introduction History of evolutionary theory Neo-Darwinism Evolutionary Forces Mutation, Genetic Drift, Natural Selection, Migration (Gene flow) Genetic variation in populations For a reviews of Isozyme variation in plant populations read Hamrick et al. 1979. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 10:173-200 Loveless and Hamrick. 1984. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 15: 65-95. For reviews of variation DNA marker and sequence variation in plant populations read Nybom 2004. Molecular Ecology 13: 1143–1155 Glemin et al. 2006. Proc. R. Soc. B (2006) 273, 3011–3019. Population structure Genetic polymorphism and supergenes Artificial and natural selection Gene pools and speciation Species concepts II. CYTOGENETICS Read Hegarty and Hiscock 2008. Genomic Clues to the Evolutionary Success of Polyploid Plants Karyotype variation Polyploidy Translocation heterozygosity III.BREEDING SYSTEMS Reproductive systems Regulation of recombination Vegetative reproduction Apomixis Outbreeding mechanisms, general Dioecism Heterostyly Inbreeding mechanisms, general Evolution of autogamy IV. ISOLATING MECHANISMS AND HYBRIDIZATION Classification of isolating mechanisms Origin of isolating mechanisms Hybridization Stabilization of hybrids Introgression V. EVOLUTION AT THE “COMMUNITY LEVEL” Coevolution and mimicry Plant-insect interactions Cyanogenesis and chemical defense 4. SEMINAR AND ESSAY TOPICS Each student will choose one topic from the list of seminars. During the course, each person will present a 15 minute seminar to the rest of the group on the chosen topic. After the seminar presentation the individual will answer questions on the material covered. The class is expected to participate by asking questions following the seminars and may also be graded on this. The student giving the seminar should prepare a short summary of the seminar (250 words or so) and I will post the summaries on the course website. In addition, all students will complete a review paper (essay) on the chosen subject. It should be roughly 10 pages in length, it may include additional figures or tables and you should probably cite 10 - 15 publications in your review. You may format the essay any way you feel is appropriate. If you like, you could format it to look reviews published in the Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics, or other Annual Reviews. 5. PHYLOGENETICS LAB PROJECT During the course each student will complete a research project that will involve phylogenetic analysis using DNA sequence data in GENBANK. Details of the projects will be discussed in the lab. Projects should be fully analyzed and written up in the format of a scientific publication.