Download Study Guide for Chapter 13 Test- Summary of Labs, notes and chapter

Pg 7.
1. adaptation
2. subspecies
3. natural selection
4. reproductive isolation
5. speciation
6. gradualism
7. punctuated equilibrium
8. homologous structure
9. divergence
10. Vestigial structure
11. paleontologists
12. evolution
Pg. 8
1. Biochemistry, Chimpanzee
2. Fossil Record, Analogous
3. Comparative Anatomy, homologous
4. Fossil Record, marine
5. Embryology, 1
6. Fossil record and Comparative anatomy, less toes, growth in size, stronger
Pg 9.
Chapter 13 Extra Practice- Summary of Labs, notes and chapter
1.__Darwin thought that the plants/animals of the Galapagos Islands were similar to those of the nearby
coast of south America because their __ancestors had migrated from South America.
2. What islands did Darwin do most of his work on? _Galapagos______________
3. A __population_ is a group of interbreeding organisms in one area (also species).
4. __Natural Selection is the process by which organisms with traits well suited for their environment
survive and reproduce at a greater rate than less well-adapted organisms in the same environment.
5. Natural selection could not occur without genetic _variations___ within a species.
6. The process by which a species becomes better suited to its environment is known as __adaptation___.
7. According to Darwin evolution occurs because of _natural selection __.
8. The major ideas of Darwin’s book The origin of Species was that species change over time by _
natural selection_.
9. The hypothesis that evolution occurs at a slow, constant rate is known as __gradualism__.
10. The hypothesis that evolution occurs at an irregular rate through time is known as __punctuated equilibrium
11. The Horse Fossil lab showed us that horse evolution happened __gradually__ (slowly).
12. The human tailbone is an example of a __vestigial_ structure.
13. Homologous structures show that organisms have a __common___ ancestor.
14. Structures that have reduced in size because they no longer serve an important function are called
___vestigial structures___.
15. Populations of the same species living in different places become increasingly __different_ as each becomes
adapted to its own environment.
16. Scarcity of resources and a growing population are most likely to result in competition__.
17. Since natural resources are limited, all organisms face a constant __struggle___ for existence.
18. The finches that Darwin studied differed in the shape of their beaks. According to Darwin the finches all
probably had a common ancestor_.
19. Beak shapes are affected by the availability _of food_____.
20. In order to fit into their habitat, the Galapagos finches _evolve_.
21. The accumulation of differences between species or populations is called _divergence_.
22. Populations of the same species that differ genetically because they have adapted to different living conditions
are known as subspecies_.
23. Show how organisms change over time
24. direct evidence
25. a. B, small
b. A, medium
c. C, smallest and largest
26. If there is a change in the environment that gives an advantage to one trait over the other.
27. 1
28. Look at the shape of the teeth….herbivores have flat teeth for grinding, while carnivores will have large
incisors, and sharp teeth for tearing flesh.
29. Homologous structures: body parts of different organisms that have same structure, but different functions
(suggest a common ancestor) ex. Human arm, elephant leg, dolphin flipper, horse leg
Analogous structures: body parts of different organisms that have same function, but different structure (do
not show common ancestry) ex. Bat wing, butterfly wing, bird wing
30. Foot has gotten longer and multiple toes have evolved into a single toe (hoof).
31. Amphibians have moist skin, can live in both water (must lay eggs here) and on land (have gills and/or/lungs)
while reptiles have dry scaly skin and eggs must be layed on land (dry).
32. Paleontologist
33. subspecies
34. marine environment, and most recently a deciduous forest.
Study Guide ideas/thoughts/notes
List the influence on Darwin
Know What Darwin’s contribution to the Theory of N. S as a mechanism for evolution.
Explain how ….. lead to natural selection.
Overproduction of offspring – provides more variety and fight for survival; ensures that at
least some of the offspring will survive.
Competition – fight for survival, better “fighters” survive and pass on their genes to the next
generation.
Individual Variation- (Genetic Diversity) – gives more options for nature to select from.
Explain how each of the following are used to support evolutionary relationships among species:
Fossils – evidence of previous life forms through time. Shows that life on Earth has changed
in the past.
Biogeography – Looking at similar species of animals in different parts of the world.
Provides evidence of how environmental factors drive evolution of different species.
Molecular Comparisons – DNA & Protein comparisons show relatedness. Changes in DNA
accumulate over time.
Anatomical Comparisons – Homologous & Vestigial structures show modifications of the
same basic body types. Indicates a common/shared ancestry, where the same genes for
these structures were preserved in each developing species and passed on.
Embryological Development – Studying embryos show similar patterns of development
among related species. The more closely related the species are, the longer their embryo
develop ‘patterns’ each other. Very different species show great differences right away.
Four steps
Variation environmental change natural selection new species.
Formation of a new species due to isolation + natural selection + mutation.
Isolation—separation from the other population so this population can change independently.
Mutation—introduces new genes to the population that are unique. Natural selection—selects
mutations and phenotypes (and their corresponding genotypes) that are best suited for the
given environment.
Ability to survive AND reproduce. Those with “better” traits will be able to reproduce more.
Survival depends on food, competition for mate, avoidance of predators, temperature, water,
etc.
How do vestigial structures and homologous structures show divergent evolution? How do analogous
structures show convergent evolution?
Vestigial & Homologous show how related structures have been modified to yield different functions.
Analogous show how same environmental pressures can lead to similar external structure from different
evolutionary paths (not modification of same part).
Compare and contrast Co-evolution, Convergent evolution, and Divergent evolution. Give specific
examples of organisms that represent these patterns.
Co = species evolve in response to each other (parallel). Convergent = unrelated species evolve to be more
similar (come together). Divergent = related species evolve to become less similar (move away).
Geographic: land barriers preventing inter-breeding of populations. Example: squirrels on east
side of grand canyon vs. those on west side. Reproductive: behaviors preventing inter-breeding
of populations. Example: Nocturnal vs. diurnal animals or insects.
Explain the difference between gradualism vs. punctuated equilibrium.
In gradualism, speciation occurs due to the slow accumulation of genetic differences in
populations over time. Punctuated equilibrium describes speciation that occurs very rapidly
and is then followed by a period of little to no change.
Stabilizing selection: average form of the phenotype has an advantage. Over time, the average
form of the trait will become more common. Directional selection: one extreme form of the trait
has an advantage; extreme form of the trait will become more common. Disruptive selection:
both extreme forms of the trait have an advantage. Over time, the population will have a higher
frequency of both extreme phenotypes.