Download LEARNing Guide for Reptiles and Birds

Zoology Chapter 31 Reptiles and Birds
Learning Guide / Mr. Lemmons / Due Date:
Put your answers on separate notebook paper and before submitting, staple these questions to them.
This sheet should accompany your answers for full credit.
1.
2.
3.
4.
To what Domain do reptiles & birds belong (p.1072-1077)?
To what Kingdom do reptiles & birds belong (p.1072-1077)?
To what Phylum do reptiles & birds belong (p.1072-1077)?
To what Subphylum do reptiles & birds belong (p.1072-1077)?
Section 31-1 Reptiles
5.
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8.
To what Class do the over 9500 species of reptiles belong (p.1072-1077)?
What characteristics do snakes, turtles, and other reptiles share? (p. 797 - bold)
How do ectotherms, such as reptiles, warm-up and cool-down their bodies? (p. 800)
Some reptiles are herbivores (i.e. iguanas) while others are carnivores (i.e. snakes). But
what is the prey item eaten most by reptiles? (p. 800)
9. Most reptiles can NOT exchange oxygen-carbon dioxide across their scaly skin. For gas
exchange they strictly rely on what? (p. 800)
10. Most reptiles have a three chambered heart: two atria and one ventricle. As exceptions,
the crocodilians (e.g. crocodiles and alligators) have how many chambers in their heart?
This makes them similar to what other animals? (p. 800)
11. Many land-based (terrestrial) reptiles have an excretory system that produces urine that is
reduced to a pasty white solid product. How does this benefit them? (p. 801)
12. Along with a pair of sensory organs in the roof of the mouth (Jacobson’s Organ), the
tongue-flick of reptiles allows them to detect ___________________. (p. 801)
13. Name a viper which can detect the body heat of their prey. (p. 801; Figure 31-5)
14. How does the shovel-snouted lizard protect its feet from the hot desert sand? (p. 802;
Figure 31-6)
15. All reptiles reproduce by internal fertilization; the female then produces leathery eggs
which contain the embryo. This egg can be laid on land (not tied to water like
amphibians). Draw the amniotic egg (= an egg which has a protected environment for the
embryo), label the parts, and give their functions. (p. 803; Figure 31-8)
16. For a-d Identify the four Orders of living reptiles and give general examples. (p.803-805)
a. Have shells built into their skeletons:
b. Have long, broad snouts and a squat appearance:
c. Entire body covered in scales; periodically shed skin; have an upper jaw that is loosely
connected to skull and can thus open very wide; if toes present, have claws:
d. Lack external ears; are only found on a few islands near New Zealand:
17. Contrast the typical habitat of turtles and tortoises. ( p. 804)
18. What are the carapace and the plastron of turtles? (p. 805)
19. Many reptiles are in danger; list two reasons why. (p. 805)
31-2 Birds
20. To what Class do birds belong (p.1072-1077)?
21. How many species of modern birds are there? (p. 806)
22. What characteristics do birds have in common? (p. 806-bold)
23. Herons and other birds that live on or in water produce a fine powder which gets on their
feathers. What is the function of this powder? (p. 806)
24. Many scientists debate the relationship of birds and dinosaurs. One fossil organism has
been found that has characteristics of both groups! What is its name? (p. 807)
25. How are birds adapted for flight? (p. 808-bold)
26. Most fish, amphibians and reptiles are ectotherms; their body temperatures are basically a
product of the environmental temperature. Birds and mammals are endotherms
producing their own heat through metabolic processes. How do birds’ feathers help a
bird be more efficient at maintaining body temperature? (p. 808)
27. What would these birds feed on based on the shape of their bills? (p.808; Fig 31-13)
 Northern cardinal; short, thick bill =
 Eagle; strong hooked bill =
 Hawaiian Honeycreeper; long, thin bill =
 Roseate Spoonbill; long, flat bill =
28. Birds don’t have teeth. They can store seeds in their crop. But how can they crush seeds
once in their body? (p. 809)
29. Birds have a unique respiratory system of air sacs and lungs (Fig. 31-15). How is their
respiratory system advantageous? (p. 810)
30. The bird’s heart keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate. How many
chambers does the bird heart have? (p. 810)
31. Bird poop. What is that white, pasty stuff (made by the excretory system) composed of?
(p. 811)
32. What makes a bird’s bones lightweight? (p. 812)
33. Do birds have internal or external fertilization? (p. 812)
34. Reptiles and birds lay amniotic eggs. But externally the eggs differ. How? (p. 812)
35. Give an example of the following groups of birds. (p. 813; Fig 31-19)
 Perching Birds (also called passerines; contains the most species) =
 Bird of Prey (hooked bill and sharp talons) =
 Aquatic Birds with webbed feet and four toes =
36. Name a flightless bird. Also DRAW it! (p. 813; Fig 31-19)
37. Hummingbirds feed on flower nectar; they also pick up pollen which they move from
plant to plant. What type of ecological relationship is this? (p. 814; Fig 31-20)
38. How do fruit eating birds help seed-plants disperse? (p. 814)
39. Many birds migrate long distances. How do they find their way? List 3 mechanisms. (p.
814)
40. The American national bird, the eagle, was once on the decline as their eggs were
hampered by a chemical which made the eggs too thin. What was the name (=
abbreviation) of this harmful pesticide which was documented in the book Silent Spring?
(p. 814)