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Unit 3.1 Chemistry Into Study Guide
Know the definitions to the following vocabulary words:
Chemical change
Atomic number
Chemical reaction
Oxidation number
Physical change
Octet rule
Atom
Ion
Electrons
Cation
Valence electrons
Anion
Electron/ energy shells
Element
Neutrons
Period
Protons
Groups/ families
Atomic mass
Metals
Address the learning objectives below
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Non-metals
Metalloids
alkali metals
alkaline earth metals
transition metals
chalcogens
halogens
noble gases
Compare a physical change to a chemical change
Using you periodic table be able identify and calculate the number of protons,
neutrons, electrons, atomic number, and atomic mass of any element.
Using your periodic table be able to draw the electrons and electron shells of the
first 18 elements on the periodic table.
Using your periodic table be able to predict valence electrons and oxidation
number of the group A elements.
Using your periodic table be able to predict the number of electron shells/ energy
levels of any element.
Know the basic characteristics of the following families/ groups of elements on
the periodic table (alkali metals, alkaline earth metal, chalcogens, halogens,
noble gases, and transition metals.
Compare ionic, covalent bonding, metallic bonding.
Given a name of an ionic compound or a covalent molecule be able to write its
chemical formula with correct subscript
Given a chemical formula be able to write its proper chemical name.
Unit 3.2 Chemical Change
Know the definitions to the following vocabulary words:
Chemical reaction
Molecule
Formula unit
Ionic compound
Combustion reaction
Single replacement
Double replacement reaction
Combustion Reaction
Synthesis Reaction
Acid
Base
Non-metal oxide
Metal oxide
Metal hydroxide
Acid rain
Exothermic reaction
Endothermic reaction
Reaction rate
Collision theory
Activation energy
Reaction pathway
pH scale
aqueous solution
Address the learning objectives below
 Be able to identify if a substance is an atom, molecule, or formula unit/ ionic compound
 Know how to write the correct names for molecules and ionic compounds
 Identify the 8 diatomic molecules in the periodic table (oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine,
bromine, Iodine, Astatine)
 Be able to write the correct/ balanced chemical formula for ionic compounds.
 Be able to identify polyatomic ions in a ionic compound and a chemical reaction (note: on a test you will
be given a cheat sheet)
 Know the following symbols of a chemical reaction: (aq, l, s, g, Δ)
 State that all metals can become positively charged cations, and state that most non-metals can
become negatively charge anions
 Describe the conservation of mass
 Be able to balance chemical equations
 Looking at a chemical equation be able to identify what type of reaction it is (combustion, double
replacement, single replacement, synthesis/combination and decomposition)
 Know the difference between an acid and base
 Identify gases that are released in the atmosphere that produces acid rain when mixed with water
 Describe human activities that produce gases that could form acid rain.
 Be able to predict the products of the following reactions and give a specific example of each:
 Non-metal oxide and water --> Oxyacid
 Metal oxide and water --> metal hydroxide
 Acid and Base ---> Salt and water
 Distinguish between an exothermic and endothermic reaction
 Describe three things that affect the rate of a reaction.
 Describe collision theory
Unit 4 GENETICS STUDY GUIDE
Know the definitions to the following vocabulary words:
sexual reproduction
offspring
species
sexual reproduction
fertilization
haploid
diploid
chromosomes
meiosis
gametes
genetic variation
inheritance
chromosome
phenotype
genotype
allele
gene
homozygous
heterozygous
recessive allele
dominant allele
co-dominant
Sex-linked gene
Non-sex-linked gene
independent assortment
Dihybrid Cross
Address the learning objectives below
Sexual reproduction (Define sexual reproduction as the process involving the fusion of haploid gametes
to form a diploid offspring and the production of genetically dissimilar offspring
Meiosis
 Define meiosis as reduction division in which the chromosome number is halved from diploid to
haploid (details of stages are not required)
 State that gametes are the result of meiosis
 State that meiosis results in genetic variation so the cells produced are not all genetically identical
Genetics- Monohybrid & Dihybrid inheritance
 A gene may be copied and passed on to the next generation
 Describe the inheritance of sex in humans (XX and XY chromosome)
 Calculate and predict the results of monohybrid crosses using Punnett squares
 Explain codominance by reference to the inheritance of ABO blood groups, phenotypes, A, B, AB and
O blood groups and genotypes IA, IB, and IO
 Describe how some alleles are on the X and Y sex chromosomes
 Understand how to use pedigree charts to make predictions about inheritance of a specific trait.
 Be able to make a pedigree chart showing a gene/allele being pass from one generation to the next.
 Calculate and predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of offspring of dihybrid crosses involving
non-sex-linked genes.
 State Mendel’s law of independent assortment.
 Explain the relationship between Mendel’s law of independent assortment and meiosis.
Unit 5 Evolution Study Guide
Know the definitions to the following vocabulary words:
Overproduction
Struggle for existence
Fitness
Adaptation
Natural Variation
Inheritance
Difference in Reproductive
success
Survival of the Fittest
Natural Selection
Descent with modification
Homologous structures
Vestigial Organs
Artificial selection
Reproductive Isolation
Speciation
Geographic isolation
Temporal isolation
Behavioral isolation
DNA
Genetic mutation
Evolutionary tree
Common ancestor
Bipedalism
Homo erectus
Homo neanderthalensis
Australopithecus afarensis
Homo sapien
Hominid
Address the learning objectives below
 Lamarck’s Evolution Hypothesis
o According to Lamarck, how did organisms acquire traits.
o Describe the differences and similarities between Darwin’s ideas of evolution and Lamarck’s
ideas about evolution ((hint consider Lamarck’s ideas of Acquired characteristics, and
Darwin’s idea of decent with modification)
 Summarize Darwin’s ideas on evolution
o Define what is meant by the word “natural variation”
o Describe how common genetic variation is in populations of plants and animals
o Explain how evolution is defined in genetic terms
o Identify two main sources of genetic variation:
o Explain why some individuals survive and others do not
o Explain what is meant by “survival of the fittest”
o Explain the roll inheritance and genetics have in evolution
 Common Decent
o Analyze Evolutionary Trees and predict evolutionary relationships (common ancestors)
 Evidence
o Explain how the Fossils Record provides evidence for the theory of evolution
o Define and give an example of a Vestigal Structure
o Define and give an example of a Homologous Structure
o Explain how DNA evidence support Darwin’s ideas about evolution
o Similarities in Embryology
o Artificial Selection
 Process of Speciation
o Identify an important factor that is necessary for the formation of a new species
o Identify ways that populations of the same species can become reproductively isolated.
o Explain why geographic isolation of two populations of a species tends to increase differences
between their gene pools.
o Identify all the steps which occurred in the speciation of the Galápagos finches
o Explain why the Galapagos finches are an excellent example of speciation.
o Describe what forces drive the speciation in Galapagos’ Finches
 Coevolution
o Define Co-evolution and give an example of two species that probably co-evolved
 Human Evolution (becoming human video clip notes)
o Identify some characteristics modern humans share with primates
o Know where the first Hominids evolved
o Describe how hominids differed from the apes
o Know the famous fossil “Lucy” was the species Australopithecus afarensis
o Explain what is meant by the statement, “ chimpanzees are our closest living relative”
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Know that there were several Homo species that exist before and with Homo sapiens, and be
able to identify Homo neaderthalensis, Homo erectus and Homo hablis.