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Ancient Greece The First Great Western Civilization Map of the Mediterranean Map of Ancient Greece Ancient Greek Society • Began with the creation of city-states around 800 B.C. • Ended when the Romans invaded in 146 B.C. • Renowned for development of society as a whole Athens and Sparta • Athens: a democratic Greek city-state run by the Assembly – Development of art and learning were important • Sparta: a rotational monarchy (two kings) – Had a full-time army – Helots – serfs/slaves Greek Influences • Greek society produced two major improvements we use today: – Democracy – Trial by jury • English is primarily derived from three languages: – Latin – Germanic/German – GREEK Men and Women • Women – – Limited freedom outside of the home (no Olympics) – Home was the woman’s domain; ordering slaves about • Men – – Commonly away from home (politics/work) – For fun… drinking parties with male friends; women did not attend The Great Temple • the Parthenon – Built to honor the goddess Athena (patron goddess of Athens) – Use of Doric (short and wide) and Ionic (long and slender) columns was “cutting edge” for the time period Greek Clothing • Wool in the winter • Linen in the summer • Mostly made by slaves at home • Sometimes bought at market (rich Greeks) • Very simple tunics The Greek Diet • Olives, figs, and grapes grown • Goats for milk and cheese • Bread where wheat could be grown • Fish and seafood • Meat rarely eaten; used as a sacrifice for the gods A Tainted Society • Despite the advances of Greek society, they relied heavily on slave labor for most day to day activities. • Ways to Become a Slave: – Be conquered by the Greeks – Be abandoned by your parents – Be born a slave – Be sold into slavery for money The Trojan War and The Iliad All over a woman! Hey, she was pretty hot! Greeks vs. Trojans • Aphrodite promises Paris, prince of Troy and total hottie, Helen of Sparta (she’s hot, too and married to Menelaus) • Paris steals Helen from Menelaus while he is at a funeral Greeks vs. Trojans (cont.) • Menelaus returns and is furious! • Menelaus gathers supporters together to attack Troy • Amongst them is: – Odysseus (he acts nuts and gets caught) – Achilles (Troy will not fall without him) Greeks vs. Trojans (cont.) • Agamemnon, a powerful Greek king, assembles a fleet • He then kills a sacred stag of Diana, and she calms the sea (they can’t leave). • To break the curse, Agamemnon must sacrifice his daughter. • He does and the Greeks sail away. Greeks vs. Trojans (cont.) • Initially the Greeks get lost on their way to Troy, but eventually they get there because Achilles stabs a king. • The first nine years of war consist of the Greeks attacking all those that are assisting Troy. • This is where Homer’s Iliad begins… Homer’s Iliad • Agamemnon takes a woman from Achilles who then refuses to fight with the Greeks • The Trojans attack and almost burn the Greek ships to ashes. • Achilles agrees to let his beloved friend Patroclus wear his armor and pretend he is Achilles in a counterattack. Homer’s Iliad • Patroclus is killed by Hector, a great Trojan warrior, brother of Paris. • Hephaestus makes Achilles new armor and he rides at the head of the army to kill Hector. • Hector, unaware that Achilles is alive, awaits the Greek war party behind the walls of Troy. Homer’s Iliad • Seeing Achilles in the distance, the Trojan soldiers rush into Troy. • Hector, ashamed of his poor orders, stays outside. In his chariot, Achilles chases him around Troy three times. • Hector and Achilles duel. Hector is brutally killed by Achilles in front of his family. Homer’s Iliad • Achilles ties Hector’s corpse to his chariot and drags it back to camp. • Patroclus’ funeral is had. • Each day Achilles drags Hector’s body around Patroclus’ funeral bier. • Zeus consents to Hector’s burial and Hermes escorts Priam, king of Troy, to Achilles to plead for the body. The Trojan Horse • Odysseus (remember that name), King of Ithaca, has the idea • Build a large, hollow, wooden horse, abandon the shore, hide in it, and when night falls, KILL EVERYONE!!! • It works. For the rest of The Iliad, go to the library. Believe me, it is really worth the time!!! Greek Mathematics • Euclid – – Proved all right angles are equal, how triangles and circles work, and much more! • Pythagoras – – Pythagorean Theorem (area of right triangles) a² + b² = c² • Archimedes – – Archimedean screw (allows water to flow uphill) Greek Philosophy • Socrates – – Socratic method: • By asking questions, one can ascertain what others truly know. – Charged with corrupting the youth – Sentenced to death – Drank hemlock even though he had a chance to escape Greek Medicine • Hippocrates – – Diagnosed patients based on symptoms • First to diagnose symptoms of pneumonia and epilepsy – Believed in good diet, rest, and cleanliness – Hippocratic Oath is still taken by doctors starting out in the medical field today! Greek Poets • Aesop – – Ethiopian slave – Creator of many fables still taught today • Homer – – Blind poet credited with the creation of two great epic poems • The Iliad • The Odyssey Greek Drama • tragedy – – a tragic protagonist (hero) suffers because of his/her actions • Sophocles – – Oedipus Cycle • Oedipus Rex • Oedipus at Colonus • Antigone Greek Sport • Olympics – – 776 B.C. (the first that we know about) – Only event was a 210 yard run (a cook won) • the marathon – – Greeks defeat Persians at the Battle of Marathon – messenger runs 26.2 miles, says, “we won”, and dies on the spot Greek Mythology Explaining the Way Things Are Through the GODS! In the beginning… Chaos (void / nothingness) Gaia (mother earth) Eros (love / sexual desire) Tartarus (land beneath Hades) Then, without male help… Gaia (mother earth) Uranus (sky) Pontus (sea) Ourea (mountain) Gaia and Uranus • Gaia and Uranus start creating children – Cyclopes – Hecatonchires – Titans (12 of them) • Uranus is ashamed of them, so he locks them in Tartarus. • Gaia is sad and asks her children for help. – Only Cronus (the youngest) volunteers – He castrates his father and throws the genitals into the sea (Aphrodite) The Titans • Godlike giants who ruled before the Olympian gods • Six sons and daughters of Gaia (earth) and Uranus (sky) • Personifications of the forces of nature • Fought and defeated by Zeus and the Olympian gods Zeus: King of the Gods • Overthrew father, Cronus • Associated with weather: – lightning, thunder, rain • Examine the picture on the left. Who does this remind you of? Hera: Queen of the Gods • sister/wife of Zeus • Associated with marriage and birth – Virginity returns every year with a dip in the well of Canathus • Children conceived without Zeus’ help • Constantly jealous of Zeus (he cheats A LOT!) Hades: God of the Underworld • brother of Zeus • Helpers: – Charon – ferryman – Cerberus – three headed hound of Hell • Wears a helmet given to him by the Cyclopes that makes him invisible • Considered to be “the Rich One” • Other gods dislike him Poseidon: God of the Sea • brother of Zeus • Associated with the sea, earthquakes, and horses • An extremely moody god (hence the reason the sea changes so rapidly) • Impregnated Medusa and created Pegasus Apollo: God of Light and Purity • son of Zeus (Artemis’ twin brother) • Born on the floating island of Delos surrounded by swans • Considered god of: – – – – Music Prophesy Archery, just archery Plague Ares: God of War • Only son of Hera and Zeus (all the others were conceived without Zeus’ assistance) • Associated with spears, dogs, and vultures • Young and handsome, yet vain and cruel • Does not care who wins battles; just happy blood is being shed Hephaestus: God of Fire • son of Zeus and Hera • Associated with fire, volcanoes, craftsmen • Born crippled/lame • Hera throws him off of Mount Olympus • Married to Aphrodite because of magic throne incident Hermes: Messenger of the Gods • son of Zeus from one of his “nights out” • Associated with travel, athletics, and thieves • Known for being quite cunning and intelligent • Brought dreams to mortals and the dead to the underworld • Created the first lyre, boxing, and foot-races Demeter: Goddess of the Earth • Zeus’ sister-lover • Associated with the earth, farming, grain • Taught mankind to plough and sow; she makes things grow • Mother of Persephone, Queen of the Underworld Athena: Goddess of Wisdom • Sprung, fully grown, from the head of Zeus – He ate his first wife because he feared a male stronger than himself. • Associated with the arts, justice, and skill • Patron goddess of Athens (Parthenon) Aphrodite: Goddess of Love • Sprang from the froth created by Uranus’ severed genitals • Associated with love and sexual desire • Married to Hephaestus (he was the steadiest of the gods) – She cheated on him constantly (Ares) • Accompanied by the Graces – Lovers of all things beautiful that bestow talent upon mortals Artemis: Goddess of the Hunt • daughter of Zeus and Apollo’s twin sister • Associated with the wilderness, hunting, and virginity (eternal virgin) • Born a day before Apollo (she helped deliver him) • Divine healer, but also brought with her plague and disease Wrath of the Gods • Basic rule: – Don’t make the gods angry! • One example: – Prometheus (son of Zeus) stole fire from the gods and gave it to mankind – When this was discovered, Zeus chained him to a rock and had an eagle tear at his liver by day. Each night the liver grew back. – Heracles freed him. Persephone: Goddess of the Underworld • Daughter of Demeter and Zeus • Associated with harvest time • Abducted by Hades because of her beauty • Ate pomegranate seeds (sign of fertility) and was bound to Hades forever • Three months a year, things do not grow because Persephone is in the underworld