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THE COLUMBUS SCHOOL September 2007 Life Science Grade 7 Benchmarks 32 SC11 Understands the nature of scientific knowledge SC7.11.1 Knows that an experiment must be repeated many times and yield consistent results before the results are accepted as correct SC7.11.2 Knows that scientific explanations are based on evidence and scientific knowledge SC7.11.3 Knows that all scientific ideas are tentative and subject to change and improvement in principle, but for most core ideas in science, there is much experimental and observational confirmation SC12 Understands the nature of scientific inquiry SC7.12.1 Designs and conducts a scientific investigation Formulates hypotheses Designs and executes investigations Interprets data Synthesizes evidence into explanations Proposes alternative explanations for observations Critiques explanations and procedures SC7.12.2 Knows there is no fixed procedure called “the scientific method” but that investigation involve Systemic observations Carefully collected, relevant evidence Logical reasoning Some imagination in developing hypotheses and explanations SC7.12.3 Uses appropriate tools (including computer hardware and software) and techniques to gather, analyze, and interpret scientific data SC7.12.4 Establishes relationships based on evidence and logical argument (e.g., provides causes for effects) September 2007 Science Grade 7 SC7.12.5 Knows that scientists use different kinds of investigations depending on the questions they are trying to answer Naturalistic observation of things or events Data collection Controlled experiments SC7.12.6 Knows possible outcomes of scientific investigations Some may result in new ideas and phenomena for study Some may generate new methods or procedures for an investigation Some may result in the development of new technologies to improve the collection of data Some may lead to new investigations SC7.12.7 Knows that scientists use different kinds of investigations depending on the questions they are trying to answer Naturalistic observation of things or events Data collection Controlled experiments SC15 Understands structure and function in living systems SC7.15.1 Understands that living systems at all levels of organization demonstrate the complementary nature of structure and function. Important levels of organization for structure and function include Cells Organs Tissues Organ systems Whole organisms Ecosystems SC7.15.2 Knows that all organisms are composed of cells—the fundamental unit of life. Most organisms are single cells; other organisms, including humans, are multicellular SC7.15.3 Understands that cells carry on the many functions needed to sustain life They grow and divide, thereby producing more cells This requires that they take in nutrients, which they use to provide energy for the work that cells do and to make the materials that a cell or an organism needs 2 September 2007 Science Grade 7 SC7.15.4 Knows how specialized cells perform specialized functions in multicellular organisms Groups of specialized cells cooperate to form a tissue, such as a muscle Different tissues are in turn grouped together and form larger functional units, called organs Each type of cell, tissue, and organ has a distinct structure and set of functions that serve the organism as a whole SC7.15.5 Understands that the human organism has systems that interact with one another Digestion Respiration Reproduction Circulation Excretion Movement Control and coordination Protection from disease SC7.15.6 Knows that disease is the breakdown in structures or functions of an organism Some diseases are the result of intrinsic failures of the system Others are the result of damage by infection by other organisms SC4 Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts SC7.4.1 Understands that reproduction is a characteristic of all living systems and is essential to the continuation of every species No living organism lives forever Reproduction is essential to the continuation of every species Some organisms reproduce asexually Others reproduce sexually SC7.4.2 Knows that females produce eggs and males produce sperm. An egg and sperm unite to begin development of a new individual. The individual receives genetic information from its mother (via the egg) and its father (via the sperm). Sexually produced offspring never are identical to either of their parents 3 September 2007 Science Grade 7 SC7.4.3 Understands that every organism requires a set of instructions for specifying its traits. Heredity is the passage of these instructions from one generation to another SC7.4.4 Understands that hereditary information is contained in the genes, located in the chromosomes of each cell Each gene carries a single unit of information An inherited trait of an individual can be determined by one or by many genes A single gene can influence more than one trait A human cell contains many thousands of different genes SC7.4.5 Understands that the characteristics of an organism can be described In terms of a combination of traits. Some traits are inherited and others result from interactions with the environment SC6 Understands regulation and behavior between populations and ecosystems SC7.6.1 Understands that all organisms must be able to obtain and use resources, grow, reproduce, and maintain stable internal conditions while living in a constantly changing external environment SC7.6.2 Understands that the regulation of an organism’s internal environment involves sensing the internal environment and changing physiological activities to keep conditions within the range required to survive SC7.6.3 Understands that behavior is one kind of response an organism can make to an internal or environmental stimulus A behavioral response requires coordination and communication at many levels, including cells, organ systems, and whole organisms Behavioral response is a set of actions determined in part by heredity and in part from experience SC7.6.4 Understands that an organism’s behavior evolves through adaptation to its environment. The species’ evolutionary history depends upon how a species moves, obtains food, reproduces, and responds to danger 4 September 2007 Science Grade 7 SC7.6.5 Understands that a population consists of all individuals of a species that occur together at a given place and time. All populations living together and the physical factors with which they interact compose an ecosystem SC7.6.6 Understands that populations of organisms can be categorized by the functions they serve in an ecosystem Plants and some micro-organisms are producers—they make their own food All animals, including humans, are consumers, which obtain their food by eating other organisms Decomposers, primarily bacteria and fungi, are consumers that use waste materials and dead organisms for food Food webs identify the relationship among producers, consumers, and decomposers in an ecosystem SC7.6.7 Understands that the major source of energy is sunlight for ecosystems Energy entering ecosystems as sunlight is transferred by producers into chemical energy through photosynthesis Energy passes from organism to organism in food webs SC7.6.8 Understands that organisms in an ecosystem depend on the resources available. Given adequate biotic and abiotic resources and no disease or predators, populations (including humans) increase at rapid rates. Lack of resources and other factors, such as predation and climate, limit the growth of populations in specific niches in the ecosystem SC7 Understands the diversity and adaptations of organisms SC7.7.1 Understands although different species might look dissimilar, the unity among organisms becomes apparent from an analysis of internal structures, the similarity of their chemical processes, and the evidence of common ancestry SC7.7.2 Understands that biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations Species acquire many of their unique characteristics through biological adaptation, which involves the selection of naturally occurring variations in populations Biological adaptations include changes in structures, behaviors, or physiology that enhance survival and reproductive success in a particular environment 5 September 2007 Science Grade 7 SC7.7.3 Understands that extinction of a species occurs when the environment changes and the adaptive characteristics of a species are insufficient to allow its survival Fossils indicate that many organisms that lived long ago are extinct Extinction of species is common; most of the species that have lived on Earth no longer exist 6