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Studying organisms in their environment… organism population community ecosystem biosphere Chapters 57 – 58 Ecosystems Ecosystem All the organisms in a community plus abiotic factors ecosystems are transformers of energy & processors of matter Ecosystems are self-sustaining what is needed? capture energy transfer energy cycle nutrients Ecosystem Community of organisms plus the abiotic factors that exist in a certain area Interacting with the Environment Biotic environment prey (food) competitors predators, parasites, disease Abiotic environment sunlight temperature water soil Essential Questions What limits the production in ecosystems? How do nutrients move in the ecosystem? How does energy move through the ecosystem? Ecosystem Inputs constant energy flows input of through energy materials cycle Matter cannot Don’t forget laws of or bethe created Physics! destroyed materials can only cycle biosphere inputs energy nutrients Energy Budget of Ecosystems Production by autotrophs sets energy budget for an ecosystem Marine light, temperature & nutrients depth Terrestrial light, moisture, temperature latitude & climate nutrients Generalized Nutrient Cycling consumers consumers producers consumers decomposers materials nutrients made available to producers Decomposition connects all trophic levels abiotic abiotic reservoir reservoir geologic geologic processes processes Water Cycle Solar energy Transpiration Water vapor Evaporation Precipitation Oceans Runoff Lakes Percolation in soil Groundwater Aquifer Transpiration Breaking the Water Cycle Deforestation breaks the water cycle groundwater is not transpired to the atmosphere, so precipitation is not created forest desert desertification Studying Ecosystems Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest 7800 acres 38 acre deforestation Carbon Cycle CO2 in atmosphere Combustion of fuels Industry and home Diffusion Respiration Photosynthesis Plants Animals Dissolved CO2 Bicarbonates Photosynthesis Animals Plants and algae Carbonates in sediment Deposition of dead material Deposition of dead material Fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal) Carbon Dioxide Global Warming CO2 NOx methane Nitrogen Cycle Atmospheric nitrogen Carnivores Herbivores Birds Plankton with nitrogen-fixing bacteria Plants Death, excretion, feces Fish excretion Decomposing bacteria amino acids Ammonifying bacteria loss to deep sediments Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (plant roots) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (soil) Nitrifying bacteria soil nitrates Denitrifying bacteria Acid Precipitation power plants industry transportation nitrogen oxides sulfur dioxide Ozone Depletion ozone protects from UV rays CFCs = coolants Ozone Depletion Bad Ozone vs. Good Ozone ozone in smog Repairing the Damage The Greenbelt Movement planting trees in Kenya restoring a sustainable ecosystem establishing democracy empowering women Nobel Peace prize 2004 Wangari Maathai Barry Commoner’s Laws of Ecology Everything is connected to everything else Everything must go somewhere there is no such place as “away” There is no such thing as a free lunch Laws of Unintended Consequences Think Globally, Act Locally Any Questions? Last chance!!! FINAL MONDAY!