Download How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?

What are the 5 nutrients that
help make up a healthy diet?
What term is used to describe
someone that doesn’t have a
balanced diet?
Metabolic rate is the rate at
which chemical reactions occur in
the body. What three factors can
affect your metabolic rate?
What are the three ways in which
white blood cells help to defend
against pathogens?
To lose weight, you need to use
more energy than you take in.
List two things that you can do to
lose weight.
What are microorganisms that
cause infectious disease called?
What are the three different
types of microorganisms called?
How did Semmelweis contribute
to the reduced spread of
infectious diseases?
 Reduce intake of fats or
carbohydrates (so that you
take in less energy)
 Do more exercise (so that
you use more energy)
 Carbohydrates (for energy)
 Protein (for growth and
repair)
 Fat (for warmth and
energy)
 Vitamins
 Minerals
 Malnourished
 Pathogens
 Bacteria
 Fungi
 Virus
 He insisted doctors washed
their hands before
examining patients
 Proportion of muscle to fat
in the body
 How much exercise you do
 Inherited factors
 Injesting pathogens
 Producing antibodies
(which destroy particular
bacteria or viruses)
 Producing antitoxins (which
counteract toxins produced
by pathogen)
What type of drug relieves the
symptoms of infectious diseases
but do not kill pathogens
Which pathogens are antibiotics
designed to treat?
Why is it important not to
overuse antibiotics?
What is the name of the bacteria
in hospitals that is resistant to
most antibiotics?
How do bacteria become resistant to
antibiotics?
How do viruses/bacteria become
resistant to
vaccinations/antibiotics?
Why do new antibiotics have to
be developed?
How do vaccines immunise
people against a disease?
What three diseases is the MMR
vaccine designed to treat?
 Bacteria (antibiotics do not
kill viruses as viruses live
within cells).
 Resistant strains of bacteria
can develop which are no
longer treatable by that
antibiotic
 Painkillers
 MRSA

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Antibiotics kill individual pathogens
of the non-resistant strain
Individual resistant pathogens
survive and reproduce, so the
population of the resistant strain
increases
Now, antibiotics are not used to
treat non-serious infections, such as
mild throat infections so the rate of
development of resistant strains is
slowed down
 Dead or inactive forms of the
pathogen are introduced to the
body (e.g. injected). This is
vaccination.
 Vaccines stimulate the white
blood cells to produce
antibodies that destroy the
pathogen.
 This makes the person immune
to future infection by that
particular pathogen as the body
can respond rapidly by making
the correct antibody.
 Pathogens randomly mutate
producing new strains of the
bacteria/virus
 Antibiotics and vaccinations
may longer be effective against
the new resistant strain of the
pathogen.
 The new strain spreads rapidly
because people are not
immune and there is no
effective treatment
 To treat anti-biotic resistant
strains of bacteria
 Measles, mumps, rubella
What are the steps involved in
preparing an uncontaminated
culture of microorganisms for
investigating the action of
disinfectants and antibiotics
What is the maximum
temperature that cultures should
be incubated at school to reduce
the likelihood of harmful
pathogens growing?
Why are higher temperatures
used to grow cultures in
industrial conditions?
Receptors in the eye are sensitive
to…………..
What are the cells called that
detect stimuli (changes in the
environment)
Receptors in the ears are sensitive to
…………… and …………………………..
Receptors on the tongue and in the
nose are sensitive to …………………….
Receptors in the skin are sensitive
to………………. , …………………. , ……….
and ………………… ……………..
Light receptor cells, like most
animals cells have what 3 cell
components?
What coordinates the response
from information sent along
nerves?
What do you call a nerve
response that does not involve
the brain?
 25 oC
 to produce more rapid
growth of microorganisms
 Petri dishes and culture media
must be sterilized before use to
kill unwanted microorganisms
 Inoculating loops used to
transfer microorganism to the
media must be sterilized by
passing them through a flame
 The lid of the petri dish should
be secured with tape to prevent
microorganisms from the air
contaminating the culture.
 light
 sound and changes in
position
 Receptor cells
 chemicals (for taste and
smell)
 touch, pressure, pain and
temperature changes
 Brain
 Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell
membrane
 Reflex
Put the following steps in order
for a reflex action:
effector, receptor, motor
neurone, relay neurone, sensory
neurone
What four internal conditions
does the body control?
Why is it important to control
body temperature at 37 oC?
Why is it important to control
blood sugar levels?
By what method is information
sent across a synapse (junction
between two neurones) ?
Chemical or Electrical?
The muscle or gland that brings
about the response to a nerve
impulse is called an ………………
How is water lost from the body?
How are ions lost from the body?
Receptor
Sensory neurone
 Chemical
Relay neurone
Motor neurone
Effector
 Effector
 This is the temperature at
which enzymes work best
 To provide the cells with a
constant supply of energy
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
Temperature
Ion content
Water content
Blood sugar levels
 Through the lungs when we
breathe, through the skin
when we sweat and excess
water is released via the
kidneys in the urine.
 Through the skin when we
sweat and excess ions are
lots via the kidneys in the
urine.
Hormones involved in the menstrual
cycle are FSH, LH and oestrogen
Where are hormones secreted
from?
How are hormones transported?
Where is the follicle stimulating
hormone secreted from and what
does it do?
Where is luteinizing hormone
produced and what does it do?
Where is oestrogen secreted from and
what does it do?
Which two hormones can be
used in contraceptive drugs to
inhibit FSH production?
Which two hormones can be
given in fertility treatments to
increase their chance of having a
child?
What is the name of the
hormone that controls growth in
plants?
What are the steps involved in In
Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)?
What two things are plant
growth hormones used for in
agriculture?
 Secreted from pituitary gland.
It causes eggs to mature in the
ovaries
 Secreted from pituitary gland
It stimulates the release of the
egg from the ovary.
 Glands
 In the bloodstream
 Secreted from ovaries
Inhibits further production of
FSH
 FSH & LH
 Auxin
 Weed killers
 Rooting hormones
 Oestrogen and
progesterone
 Women is given FSH and LH
to stimulate the maturation
of several eggs
 The eggs are collected from
the mother and fertilized by
sperm from the father.
 Once the fertilized eggs
have developed into
embryos, one or two
embryos are implanted into
the mother’s womb.
A plant’s response to light is
called………..
What is a placebo?
A plant’s response to gravity is
called………
What causes a plant to bend
towards the light?
What is the name of the drugs
that are used to lower heart
disease?
What was thalidomide as?
What are the three things that
new drugs are tested for?
What side effects were caused by
pregnant women taking
Thalidomide to treat morning
sickness?
What is Thalidomide used to
treat today?
 Phototropism
A pill/injection given to patients
that does not contain the drug
being tested.
 Statins
 A sleeping pill. (It was also
found to be effective in
relieving morning sickness
in pregnant women)
 Children born with severe
limb abnormalities
 Leprosy
 Gravitropism or geotropism
 An unequal distribution of
auxin (plant hormone)
which causes unequal
growth rates.
 Toxicity
 Efficacy
 Dose
What do you call a drug trial in
which neither the doctor nor the
patient knows whether the
patient has been given the drug
or the placebo.
Name an illegal drug that is very
addictive.
What do stimulants do?
What do anabolic steroids do?
Which illegal recreational drugs
can affect the heart and
circulatory system?
Which illegal drug can cause
mental illness?
What do plants compete with
each other for?
What do animals compete with
each other for?
Can you name a legal
recreational drug?
What is the name given to
organisms that live extreme
environments (e.g. high
temperature and pressure)?
Which has a greater overall
impact on health: legal or illegal
drugs?
How might animals be adapted
for survival in arctic or desert
environments?
 Heroin, cocaine
 Increase heart rate
 Double blind trial
 Stimulate muscle growth
 Light, space, water and
nutrients.
 ecstasy, cannabis and
heroin
 Food, mates and territory
 cannabis
 Extemophiles
 nicotine, caffeine, alcohol

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 Legal drugs (because far
more people use them)
Changes to surface area
Thickness of insulating coat
Amount of body fat
Camouflage
How might plants be adapted to
survive in dry environments?
Which are the best conditions for
microorganisms to break down
organisms?
Which living organism is used as
an indicator of air pollution?
What do chromosomes contain?
Which animals are used as water
pollution indicators?
What energy transfer occurs in
green plants and algae?
How is energy lost in a biomass
pyramid?
What word means the mass of
living material?
 Warm, moist and aerobic
conditions.
 Changes to surface area,
particularly of leaves
 Water-storage tissues
 Extensive root system
 Lichen
 Genes
 An organism’s waste
 Energy is lost to the
surroundings (e.g. through
heat and movement)
 Invertebrates
 Light energy to chemical
energy (during
photosynthesis)
 Biomass
What type of reproduction
includes the fusion of male and
female sex cells (gametes)
leading to variation in offspring?
What type of reproduction only
requires one parent? In this type
of reproduction, offspring are
identical to their parent and are
called clones
What are the steps involved in
adult cell cloning?
What is the process called when
genes from the chromosomes of
humans and other organisms can
be cut out using enzymes and
transferred to cells of other
organisms?
New genes can be transferred to
crop plants early on in their
development. These are called
genetically modified crops. Why
might a farmer want to
genetically modify his crop?
What concerns do some people
have over GM crops?
 A-sexual reproduction
 Sexual reproduction
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 Genetic engineering

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 Their effects on populations
of wild flowers and insects
 The effects of eating GM
crops on human health
The nucleus is removed from an
unfertilized egg cell.
The nucleus from an adult body cell
(e.g. skin cell) is then inserted into
the egg cell.
An electric shock then caused the
egg cell to begin to divide to form
embryo cells.
These embryos contain the same
genetic information as the adult skin
cell.
The embryo is then inserted into a
female’s womb to continue
development.
 To increase yield
 For resistance to herbicide
or insect attack
Whose theory of evolution by
natural selection states that all
species of living things have
evolved from simple life forms
that developed more than 3
billion years ago?
Whose theory of evolution was
based on the idea that changes
that occur in an organism during
its lifetime can be inherited?
Why did it take a long time for
Darwin’s theory of evolution by
natural selection to be accepted?
What ‘trees’ are used to
represent the relationships
between organisms?
Explain how evolution occurs via
natural selection
How is carbon released into the
atmosphere as part of the carbon
cycle?
 Lamarck
 Darwin
 Evolutionary trees
 The theory challenged the
religious views that God
made all the plants and
animals that live on Earth
 There was insufficient
evidence at the time
 The mechanism of
inheritance and variation
was only known 50 years
after the theory was
published.
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Released as carbon dioxide when
microorganisms (which feed on dead
animals and plants) respire
Released as carbon dioxide when
animals and plants respire
Released as carbon dioxide when
wood and fossil fuels are burned
Carbon dioxide is removed from the
environment by green plants and
algae for photosynthesis.
 Individual organisms within a
particular species may show a
wide range of variation because
of difference in their genes.
 Individuals with characteristics
most suited to the environment
are more likely to survive to
breed successfully.
 The genes that have enabled
these individuals to survive are
then passed on to the next
generation