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ISLAMIC CIVILISATIONS EARLY DEVELOPMENTS less 200 years from not existing to being the religious and political principal of one of the largest empires in the world EARLY SITUATION tribal Quraysh living in Mecca Arabian peninsula => polytheisme kept cult statutes of gods in the Kaaba KAABA It has been reconstructed several times It used to be open to everyone Used to get flooded There are two kaabas! The Black Stone is broken It's not supposed to be a cube shape EARLY SITUATION monotheisms like Christianity, Judaism and Zoroastrianism northern part of Arabia: sandwiched between Byzantine Empire and Persian Sassanian Empire Islam = radical reforming religion Muhammad = final prophet to bring people back to the one true religion worship of, and submission to, a single and allpowerful God Quran acknowledges Abraham and Moses and Jesus as prophets much less narrative • the written record of the revelations Muhammad received • the actual word of God • major themes: monotheism & taking care of those who are less fortunate than you FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM 1 SHAHADAH or the profession of the faith: There is no god but god and Muhammad is God’s prophet FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM 2: SALAT, or ritual prayer five times a day dawn noon afternoon sunset late evening FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM 3 SAWM month-long fast during the month of Ramadan FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM 4 ZAKAT non-poor Muslims are required to give a percentage of their income to the poor FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM HAJJ pilgrimage to Mecca that Muslims must try to fulfill at least once in their lives, provided they are healthy and have enough money SUPPLEMENTARY SACRED TEXTS Judaism + Talmud Christianity + lives of saints Islam + HADITH = a collection of sayings and stories about the Prophet SHARIA a body of law numerous interpretations UMMAH community of believers trumped all other ties, including tribal ties QURAYSH controlled pilgrimage trade in Mecca => monotheism => economical disaster 622 force Muhammad and followers out of Mecca => to Yithrab = Medina Hijra => marks year 0 in the Islamic calendar BEGINNING OF AN EMPIRE Muhammad severed the religion’s ties to Judaism, turning the focus of prayer to Mecca Islamic community => empire or church? Muhammad: important prophet and a good general 630 Islamic community took back Mecca destroyed idols in kabaa Islam was available to everyone from the moment of its founding => Islam: powerful political and religious force AFTER MUMAMMAD 632 Muhammad dies Muhammad = final prophet, the revelation of the Quran would continue to guide the ummah caliph = political leader 1st caliph Abu Bakr, Muhammad’s father-in-law 4th caliph Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law divide between the two of the major sects of Islam: Suuni and Shi’a SUNNI vs SHIA (some differences...) Sunni Shia Sunnis Shiites, Shi'i meaning of name "well-trodden path" or "tradition" "party" or "partisans" of Ali current adherents 940 million 120 million 90% 10% most Muslim countries Iran, Iraq, Yemen no yes true successor of the Prophet Abu Bakr, father of the Prophet's favoured wife, 'A'ishah (elected by people of Medina) 'Ali ibn Abi Talib, husband of the Prophet's daughter Fatimah (designated by the Prophet) qualifications for ruler of Islam tribe of the Prophet (Quraysh); later, any qualified ruler family of the Prophet imams mujtahids human leaders infallible manifestations of God and perfect interpreters of the Qur'an followers percentage of total Muslims primary locations did Muhammad designate a successor? current leaders identity of imams Abu Bakr & Ali ibn Abi Talib Abu stabilized the community after Muhammad’s death recording the Quran in writing started military campaigns against the Byzantine (plague) and Sassanian Empires (weak) finally Ali becomes leader leads to a civil war Uthman’s tribe becomes the ruling dynasty followed by the Abbasids IN SHORT a small group of people an area of the world with few natural resources => created one of the great empires of the world and also one of its great religions Muslims were great conquerors started an explosion of trade and learning saved many of the classical texts that form the basis of the “Western Canon” paved the way for the Renaissance much of the world between Spain and the Indus River wasn’t Arabized, most of it was Islamized 5 times a day millions of people turn toward Mecca