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Railsback's Some Fundamentals of Mineralogy and Geochemistry Variation in concentration of solutes in the oceans V: Scavenged ions 0 Concentration nanomolar units Concentrations of highly charged cations (Al3+, Fe3+, Ni3+, etc.) are small in the surface water because these cations are relatively insoluble and instead form oxides or hydroxides. 0 1 Scavenged cations 3+ (Al , Fe3+, etc.) (Donat and Bruland 1995 in Salbu & Steinne's Trace Elements in Natural Waters) 2 Depth (km) 3 1 nm Concentrations of highly charged cations are even smaller in deeper waters because those ions are "scavenged" (absorbed) by sinking particles. Most particles have negative surface charge, and highly charged cations are electrostatically attracted to those particles and adsorbed onto them. Near the seafloor, H+ ions of sediment pore waters more acidic than seawater may displace cations from the surfaces of particles, allowing release of cations back into the bottom water. 4 1Å Sinking three-nanometer particle with negative surface charge Cations with large charge Concentrations of these cations in deep waters of the Pacific are even Atlantic 5 smaller than those in the Atlantic Pacific because Pacific deep water is Concentrations of these cations in deep waters of the older and has had more time to be cleansed by scavenging Atlantic are small, but not as small as those in the particles. Pacific because Atlantic deep water is younger and hasn't been cleansed as long by scavenging particles. Atlantic Greenland D W A Northern & eastern Pacific B N Pacific W A Mid-Atlantic Ridge A Antarctica East Pacific Rise Americas LBR OceanSolutes18 5/2008