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Structure of Matter MATTER WHAT IS CHEMISTRY? Chemistry is the study of the nature of matter, its compositions, and the changes it undergoes. Chemists are scientists who study the nature of matter. WHAT IS MATTER? MATTER is… MATTER is NOT… anything that has any form of energy, mass and takes up emotions, space. thoughts, ideas or anything that does not have mass or take up space WHAT ARE ELEMENTS? There are 120 known elements in the world that combine to make up all living and nonliving things. WHAT ARE ELEMENTS? There are 120 known elements in the world that combine to make up all living and nonliving things. WHAT ARE ELEMENTS? Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down into any other substances by chemical or physical means. There are 120 known elements in the world that combine to make up all living and nonliving things. WHAT ARE ELEMENTS? All elements are found in the periodic table. The smallest particles of elements are atoms. All atoms of the same element have the same properties. WHAT ARE ELEMENTS? What do you see? WHAT IS AN ATOM? An atom is the smallest particles of an element that has all the properties of that element. They are too small to be seen with a microscope. The word atom is derived from the Greek word that means, “cannot be divided.” WHAT IS AN ATOM? Atoms were discovered by a Greek philosopher named Democritus over 2000 years ago (between 460-370BC.) Democritus believed that the universe was full of empty space and tiny particles that cannot be broken in to smaller particles. Ancient scientists dismissed Democritus’ theory. BUT…John Dalton, a British scientist in the late 1800s, stated that all the atoms of a particular element are identical, but different from atoms of all other elements. IS AN ATOM REALLY THE SMALLEST PARTICLE OF MATTER? Atoms, were once thought to be “the building block of matter.” In 1911 Scientist, Ernest Rutherford provided evidence that atoms are really made of a positively charged nucleus orbited by a negatively charged electron. IS AN ATOM REALLY THE SMALLEST PARTICLE OF MATTER? He believed the positive charge in the nucleus to be caused by a particle called a proton. By 1932, Rutherford’s student discovered that the nucleus also contained a neutral particle called a neutron. WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF AN ATOM? HOW ARE ATOMS IDENTIFIED? All atoms are made of protons, neutrons and electrons, so with over 100 different elements they must be identified by their atomic number. The atomic number is the number of protons in the atom’s nucleus. Hydrogen has 1 proton in its nucleus so its atomic number is 1. Gold has 79 protons in its nucleus so its atomic number is 79. Atomic mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus. HOW ARE ATOMS IDENTIFIED? http://www.ptable.com WHAT ARE THE PHASES OF MATTER? The Law of Conservation of Matter states that matter cannot be created nor destroyed, it changes form. Matter can be found in 5 different phases. The most 3 commonly know phases (also known as STATES) of matter are Solid, Liquid & Gas. WHAT ARE THE PHASES OF MATTER? Do you really think all of these pictures contain the same compound and show the different phases of water (H20)? WHAT ARE THE PHASES OF MATTER? SOLIDS Solids are usually hard, because their molecules have been packed together. Solids hold their shape . The atoms inside of a solid are not allowed to move around too much. The molecules in a solid are stuck in a specific structure or arrangement of atoms. The atoms still spin and the electrons will fly around, but the entire atom will not change position. Solids can be pure elements, compounds or mixtures. WHAT ARE THE PHASES OF MATTER? Solids hold their shape . The atoms inside of a solid are not allowed to move around too much. The atoms still spin and the electrons will fly around, but the entire atom will not change position. Solid element-Gold Solid Compound- Salt (NaCL) Solid Mixture- Concrete WHAT ARE THE PHASES OF MATTER? LIQUIDS Liquids flow because their molecules are not as tightly packed together as in solids. The atoms inside of a liquid are moving around more than in a solid but less than in a gas. Liquids can fill up a container, but are difficult to compress. Liquids can be pure elements, compounds or mixtures. Blood and Water are examples of liquids. WHAT ARE THE PHASES OF MATTER? Gases Gases are really spread out and the atoms and molecules are full of energy. They are bouncing around constantly. Gases can fill a container of any size or shape. It doesn't even matter how big the container is. The molecules still spread out to fill the whole space equally. Gas is everywhere and can easily be found in the Earth’s atmosphere. Oxygen and Carbon dioxide are gases. WHAT ARE THE PHASES OF MATTER? Look at the difference in the atoms in the different phases of matter. WHAT ARE THE PHASES OF MATTER? The 4th state of matter is Plasma, which you don’t usually find naturally occurring on Earth. Plasmas are similar to gases, but the atoms are different because they are made of free electrons found in elements like Neon (Ne).Plasma can be found glowing in fluorescent light bulbs, neon lights and in stars. WHAT ARE THE PHASES OF MATTER? Look at the difference in the atoms in the different phases of matter. WHAT ARE THE PHASES OF MATTER? WAIT…There’s one more! The 5th state of matter is Bose-Einstein condensates. This state was predicted in the 1920’s by Satyendra Bose and Albert Einstein. Evidence wasn’t found to support their theory until 1995 by Cornell and Weiman. The BECs are created with only a few elements at extremely low temperatures. The temperatures are so low the atoms clump into a “super atom” or blob which is the BEC. WHAT ARE THE PHASES OF MATTER? A "phase" describes a physical state of matter. Matter can move from one phase to another by physical means and the same substance. This is called a phase change. If heat energy is added (increased temperature) or if heat energy is taken away (decreased temperature), the phase change (physical change) occurs. WHAT ARE THE PHASES OF MATTER? Look at the difference in the atoms in the different phases of water H20.