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Albinism - Oculocutaneous and Ocular Unfortunately, people with albinism always have problems with their vision. Everyone with oculocutaneous albinism experiences abnormal flickering eye movements called nystagmus. Albinism is a rare congenital genetic disease where there is little or no pigment, known as melanin, in the eyes, hair and skin. Vision problems always occur in albinism, resulting from the abnormal development of the retina because of lack of pigment. Nerve signals from the retina to the brain do not follow usual nerve routes because the retina does not develop normally before birth and in infancy. Light, normally entering the eye only through the pupil, may actually pass through the iris when the iris does not have enough of the pigment to screen out the stray light. From the past… People born with the genetic condition albinism have been the subjects of public curiosity over the centuries. Some were even thought to have supernatural powers such as mind reading and were suspected of witchcraft. Phineas Barnum employed "albinos" to appear in his American Museum and as part of his traveling sideshow, such as the such as the Lucasie family from Holland Treatments and Assistance Glasses can be prescribed for reduced visual acuity. The appearance of strabismus may be improved by surgery; but surgery will not correct the misrouting of nerves from the eyes to the brain, and will not provide fine binocular vision. Sunglasses or tinted contact lenses can be worn for light sensitivity. Low vision aids can improve independence. There are 10 types of the most common form called "oculocutaneous albinism," which affects the eyes, hair, and skin. Ocular albinism is also an inherited condition where the eye is primarily affected. A person with ocular albinism often has "normal toned" hair and skin while the amount of pigment in the eye varies. People with the condition may have reddish or violet eyes, but most have blue eyes. . It is the presence of various eye problems that actually defines the diagnosis of albinism. The main test for albinism, therefore, is simply an eye exam. The lack of pigment in the eyes can cause one of the following visual or functional problems: Nystagmus – an irregular rapid (involuntary) back and forth movement of the eyes. Strabismus – muscle imbalance of the eyes (“crossed eyes” or lazy eyes”). Photophobia – sensitivity to bright light and glare. People with albinism may be either far-sighted or near-sighted, and often have astigmatism (distortion of a viewed image). Low vision or blindness –many have vision that is good enough to drive a car but many others are “legally blind.” Most use their vision for reading and do not use braille. Reduced visual acuity may range from 20/60 to 20/400 and sometimes as good as 20/25 in African-Americans Decreased distance vision and lack of detail vision impact a child’s ability to learn through visual channels alone. Fact sheet developed by Sharon Grissom Resources Cassin, Barbara (2006). Dictionary of eye terminology (5th ed.) (Melvin L. Rubin, MD, Ed.) (p 231). Gainesville, FL: Triad Publishing Co. http://www.albinism.org/publications/ocular.html NOAH - National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation. http://www.healthline.com/galecontent/albinism. Healthline. Turkington, Carol A., The Gale Group Inc., Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. http://medgen.genetics.utah.edu/photographs/pages/ocular_albinism.htm http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4340. MedicineNet.com http://www.nyee.edu/faqlist.html?tablename=faq&key=5. The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary. http://www.revoptom.com/HANDBOOK/SECT58a.HTM. Handbook of Ocular Disease Management webpages.marshall.edu/~stanton2/. Stanton, Frances. “Albinism: The Educational Implication”.