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Chapter 1
1. The ability to maintain a constant internal environment in the body is
called homeostasis.
2. Cells are considered to be the basic building blocks of the body.
3. The sizes of various cells in humans range from 200nm to several
centimeters.
4. The cell material is enclosed by a covering called a semipermeable
membrane.
5. There are approximately 75 trillion cells in the human body, of which
1/3 are red blood cells.
6. The process called mitosis is the qualitative reproduction of a cell by
division.
7. The body is approximately 56 percent fluid.
8. The musculoskeletal system provides locomotion.
9. Bones and cartilage are the principal types of tissue forming the
skeleton.
10. The central nervous system integrates and assimilates data.
11. The sensory nervous system provides information on the external and
internal environments.
12. The autonomic nervous system operates mostly at the subconscious
level.
13. The endocrine system is a chemical communications and control
system within the body.
14. Homeostasis is the process by which the body responds to the
environment and regulates levels of sugars, salts, water, acid-base
balance, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
15. A semipermeable membrane selectively permits materials to pass
between the inside of a cell and its external environment.
16. The respiratory system takes in oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide.
17. The GI system processes food so that it is absorbed into the body.
18. The musculoskeletal system provides locomotion.
19. The musculoskeletal system consists mostly of bones and cartilage.
20. Chemicals called hormones are secreted by eight major glands of the
endocrine system.
21. The kidneys act to filter the blood.
Chapter 2
1. The upper chambers of the heart are called atria.
2. The lower chambers of the heart are called ventricles.
3. The superior and inferior vena cava return blood to the right atrium.
4. The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the right
ventricle.
5. Blood leaves the right ventricle via the pulmonary artery.
6. The mitral valve is located between the left atrium and the left
ventricle.
7. The great artery leaving the left side of the heart is called the aorta.
8. Blood is about 40 % red cells by volume.
9. Very small vessels called capillaries have diameters in the micrometer
range.
10. The average human heart weighs about 300g.
11. The sac surrounding the heart is the pericardium.
12. Heart muscle is called myocardium.
13. The SA node is the heart pacemaker.
14. The period of contraction is called systole.
15. An electrical potential is generated across a cell wall because of a
difference in ions concentration.
16. The cell wall is a semipermeable membrane.
17. A phenomenon known as the sodium pump keeps sodium ions
predominantly outside of the cell wall.
18. Action potentials have amplitude of about 30mV.
19. Resting potentials are about -70mV.
20. The delay line in the heart’s electro-conduction system is called the
AV node.
21. The five principal structures of the heart’s electro-conduction system
are sinoatrial (SA) node, bundle of His, atrioventricular (AV) node ,
the bundle of branches, and the Purkinje fibers.
22. Action potentials travel down the conduction system at the rates of
40 cm/s between SA and AV nodes, and at 45 cm/s after the SA node.
23. The AV delay is about 110 ms.
24. The ECG is a recording of the heart’s electrical activity.
25. A heart rate that is too slow is called bradycardia.
26. A heart rate that is too fast is called tachycardia.
27. Atrial fibrillation
is an arrhythmia in which the upper chambers of
the heart quiver rather than beat.
Chapter 6
1. Long-term(more than a few minutes) ECG monitoring is usually done
with column electrode.
2. EEG electrodes are used to record bioelectric potentials arising in the
brain.
3. A(n) active sensor requires an external ac or dc electrical excitation
source.
4. A(n) passive sensor requires no external ac or dc electrical excitation
source but generates its own electrical energy.
5. List five different forms of sensor error: insertion , application ,
characteristic, dynamic, and environmental.
6. Bubbles in a blood pressure transducer line and improper placement
of the transducer result in what are called application errors.
7. Departure of a transducer characteristic from the ideal characteristic is
the sensitivity error.
8. The resolution of a sensor describes the smallest incremental of an
input parameter that can be detected in the output signal.