Download Genetics 2 Review DNA Replication 1.Where does DNA replication

Genetics 2 Review
DNA Replication
1.Where does DNA replication take place in a cell? Nucleus
2.Define gene. Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and a specific trait.
3.The first step of DNA replication is to copy part of the DNA sequence into a complementary strand.
4.Protein synthesis is also known as Translation.
5.What is RNA polymerase?
Enzyme that adds nucleotides to the RNA strand
6.How does RNA polymerase use DNA?
Adds the complementary bases
7.Translation begins when mRnA in the cytoplasm attaches to a ribosome.
8.Complete the following strand:
T
A
G
A
U
C
For question nine and ten, circle the correct answer.
9.The corresponding amino acids are brought into a cell's ribosome by which type of RNA? C
a.messenger RNA
b.ribosomal RNA
c.transfer RNA
d.replication RNA
10.In a DNA, the letters A, T, C, and G represent A
a.bases.
b.sugars.
c.proteins.
d.amino acids.
Protein Synthesis
1. B RNA polymerase
2. C gene
3. D translation
4. E messenger RNA
5. A transcription
a.the process of producing RNA by copying part of the DNA sequence
b.an enzyme that separates a DNA strand to create a template for RNA bases
c.DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within a cell
d.also known as protein synthesis
e.RNA that carries the genetic instructions for protein production
6.Identify the steps of transcription.
a. DNA Unzips
b. RNA Polymerase adds complementary nucleotides
c. New mRNA strand is released and leaves nucleus
7.What structure does messenger RNA attach itself to in a cell? Ribosome
8.What type of RNA is responsible for moving amino acids to the ribosome? tRna
9.Translation begins at AUG, the start codon.
10.Complete the following RNA strands with the complementary DNA base.
U
A
C A
G
G
C
U
G U
G A
A
T
G T
C
C
G
A
C
C T
A
DNA Structure
Where in the cell of eukaryotes is DNA found? Nucleus
DNA is also known as a Double Helix.
What is the monomer of DNA? Nucleotide
What are the three parts of this monomer? Nitrogen Base, Deoxyribose Sugar, and a Phosphate Group
Which parts of this monomer make up the vertical parts of DNA? Deoxyribose Sugar and Phosphate
Group
Which parts of this monomer make up the horizontal parts (rungs) of RNA? Nitrogen Bases
What are the four nitrogen bases found in DNA?
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine. (A-T, C-G)
DNA Replication
During DNA replication what bases would pair with the following sequence: GTATTAGCCAAG
CATAATCGGTTC
During which portion of the cell cycle does replication occur? S Phase of Interphase
Which enzyme helps to unzip the DNA strand? Helicase
Which enzyme helps to attach new nucleotides to the original strand? DNA Polymerase
RNA Structure
What are the parts of the RNA nucleotide? Ribose Sugar (Different from DNA), Phosphate Group, and A
Nitrogen Base
Which nitrogen bases are found in RNA? Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil (A-U, C-G)
What are the three types of RNA? Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA), and Ribosomal RNA
(rRNA)
Identify the RNA types based on these pictures. Top Picture is mRNA (Single Strand which carries the
code for making a protein), Middle Picture is rRNA (Makes up the ribosome which is the site of protein
synthesis), and the bottom picture is the tRNA (which carries amino acids to bond with the codons in the
mRNA and make the actual protein)
Protein Synthesis
What is the name of the first part of protein synthesis? Where does it occur? Transcription, Nucleus
What is the purpose of this process? The purpose of this process is to create a strand of mRNA from the
existing DNA which will carry instructions on how to make a protein to the ribosome.
What enzyme helps to create the mRNA strand? RNA Polymerase
What is the name of the second part of protein synthesis? Where does it occur? Translation, On the
ribosome in the cytoplasm
What is the purpose of this process? The purpose of this process is to create a protein (also called a
polypeptide chain) using the codons of the mRNA and the complementary anti-codons on the tRNA.
DNA Strand: ATGCCGTAA - Transcribe this strand UAC
three nucleotides long.
Now translate your mRNA to make a protein: Tyrosine
you one amino acid
GGC
AUU - Remember a codon is
Glycine Isoleucine – Each codon only gives
What type of bonds hold together your amino acids? Peptide Bonds
#1 represents a strand of DNA.
#2 represents a strand of RNA.
To get from number one to number two what process must occur? Transcription
What is the final product at the end of this process? Protein (Polypeptide Chain)
What process must occur to make the final product? Translation
Mutations
When a mutation is found at the nucleotide level it is a Gene mutation.
When a mutation involves portions of a chromosome it is called a Chromosomal mutation.
List the different types of gene and chromosomal mutations
Gene – Point (Substitution) and Frameshift (Insertion and Deletion)
Chromosomal – deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation
Genetic Technology
What is genetic engineering? Modifying an organisms genetic information to code for a particular
trait/gene
What is gene therapy? Using genes to treat or prevent an illness/disease
Dolly the sheep is an example of what type of genetic technology? Cloning
What technology is used to amplify the amount of genetic materials available? PCR
This is an example of what type of technology? Gel Electrophoresis
What are some uses for this technology? Identify Criminals based on Scene Evidence, Identify Paternity
(Who the father is).
What technology looks at the DNA as a whole, instead of in fragments to identify genetic conditions?
Others: Karyotypes which looks at the DNA as a whole, not in fragments can also be used to identify
chromosomal disorders such as down syndrome which is caused by nondisjunction (leaving 3 #21
chromosomes)