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1820-1900 Chopin: Polish “poet of the piano” ◦ Shy, rarely gave public recitals, played in intimate salons ◦ Short piano works such as nocturnes, preludes, mazurkas, études, and polonaises Program Music (as opposed to absolute) ◦ associated with a story or specific idea ◦ no lyrics ◦ commonly represents birds, storms, bells, rivers, etc. Hector Berlioz: French composer Nationalism: Intense devotion and pride for one’s country ◦ Known for innovative orchestration ◦ Famous for Symphonie fantastique, a program symphony depicting his love for Harriet Smithson ◦ We listened to the March to the Scaffold. Know about that. ◦ Modest Mussorgsky—Russian composer of Pictures at an Exhibition including “The Great Gate of Kiev” ◦ Bedrich Smetana—Czech composer of The Moldau ◦ Antonin Dvǒrák—Czech composer who came to America to direct the National Conservatory in NY, spent summer in Iowa and gained interest in Native American and African-American tunes, wrote New World Symphony Russian composer (1840-1893) 6 symphonies, 1812 Overture Ballets: Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, Famous piano concerto Nutcracker Austrian (1860-1911) Jewish heritage, converted to Protestantism Famous as a conductor in Europe and NY 9 symphonies ◦ Used chorus in 4 of these (like Beethoven) ◦ Symphonies are very monumental in length and number of performers (one is known as “the Symphony of a Thousand” and is an hour and a half long with a huge orchestra, 8 solo singers, a boys’ choir, and 2 choruses Many works demonstrate exoticism, a fascination with foreign lands. Giacomo Puccini: Italian composer of La Bohème and Madame Butterfly (Japan) Giuseppe Verdi: Italian composer of operas very popular with the public ◦ Nabucco—contains a chorus that became a national liberation hymn during Austrian dominance ◦ Rigoletto, Il Travatore, La Traviata (somewhat scandalous topics) ◦ Aïda—about an Egyptian princess Serious operas often had tragic endings German composer (1813-1883) Famous for massive operas (musical dramas) Personality ◦ The Ring cycle: a group of 4 long operas based on Nordic legends, very supernatural ◦ He wrote the libretto (text) and the music. He also built a theater (Beyreuth) specifically for his operas and oversaw the rehearsals, costuming, and pretty much anything else. ◦ These had music that resembled speech (Sprechstimme), gave no time for applause after arias, and gave new importance to the orchestra. ◦ Very dark, stormy, and egotistical ◦ He was in debt to many people and never repaid them ◦ Anti-Semitic