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Evolution of Plants The Nitrogen Cycle • Matter is ____________________ in the environment within and between ecosystems. • All organisms require ______________________ to make: • • • • Although nitrogen gas is the most abundant form of nitrogen on Earth, only certain types of ______________________ that live in the soil and on the roots of legumes can use this form directly. The bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ______________________, in a process known as _________________________ _____________________. Other soil bacteria convert fixed _____________________ into nitrates and nitrites that plants can use to make proteins and nucleic acids. Heterotrophs eat: The First Land Plants • The greatest challenge that early land plants faced was: • They met this challenge by: • Fossils suggest the first true plants were still dependent on ___________________ to complete their life cycles. One of the earliest fossil vascular plants was ____________________, shown here. Several groups of plants evolved from the first land plants. • One group developed into _____________________. • Another lineage gave rise to: • • An Overview of the Plant Kingdom • Botanists divide the plant kingdom into five major ________________ based on four important features: • 1. • 2. • 3. • 4. Draw the plant Cladogram Vascular Plants • Vascular tissue—xylem and phloem—make it possible for vascular plants to: Vascular plants are known as __________________________, after a specialized type of water-conducting cell they contain. • These cells, called ___________________, are hollow tubelike cells with thick cell walls strengthened by lignin. Xylem • Tracheids are found in xylem, a tissue that carries __________________ upward from the roots to every part of a plant. • Phloem • Vascular plants also have a second transport tissue called phloem that transports solutions of ___________________ and _______________________ produced by photosynthesis. Seedless Vascular Plants • Among the ___________________ vascular plants alive today are three phyla commonly known as club mosses, horsetails, and ferns. The most numerous of these are the ferns. • Ferns can thrive in areas with little light and are most abundant in _______________ habitats. • Explain two advantages that vascular tissue gave plants. 1. 2. The Importance of Seeds • Every _________________ contains a living plant ready to sprout as soon as it encounters the proper conditions for growth. • The production of seeds has been one key to the ability of plants to ____________________ even the driest environments on land. Seed Plants • A seed is a plant _________________ and a ______________ supply, encased in a protective covering. Cones and Flowers • In seed plants, the male __________________________ (sex cells) and the female gametophytes grow and mature directly within the _________________________(adult plant cells). • The gametophytes usually develop in _____________________ structures known as cones or flowers. • Nearly all ________________________ bear their seeds directly on the scales of cones. • Flowering plants, or _______________________, bear their seeds in flowers inside a layer of tissue that protects the seed. Pollen • In seed plants, the entire male gametophyte is contained in a tiny structure called a __________________ ________________ • Pollen grains are carried to the ____________________ reproductive structure by wind or animals such as insects. • The transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structure to the female reproductive structure is called _______________________. • Pollen in gymnosperms must be carried by the ___________________. • Pollen in angiosperms is mostly carried by : Seeds • After fertilization, the __________________ contained within a seed grows into a tiny plant—the sporophyte embryo. A tough seed coat surrounds and protects the embryo and keeps the contents of the seed from _____________________ out. • The embryo begins to grow when ____________________ are right. It does this by using nutrients from the stored food supply until it can carry out photosynthesis on its own. Angiosperms • Angiosperms – Flowers and Fruits • Angiosperms develop unique reproductive organs known as __________________, shown in the figure. • Flowers contain _____________________, which surround and protect seeds. Advantages of Flowers • Flowers are an evolutionary advantage to plants because they ___________________ animals that carry pollen with them to the next flower they visit. • This means of pollination is much more efficient than the _________________ pollination of most gymnosperms. Fruit • After pollination, the ovary develops into a __________________, a structure containing one or more matured ovaries. • When an animal eats a fleshy fruit, seeds from the fruit enter the animal’s ___________________ system. By the time the seeds leave the digestive system, the animal may have traveled many kilometers. • By using fruit, flowering plants increase the _______________ they inhabit. • Describe two advantages that gymnosperms have over bryophytes (nonvascular land plants) and two advantages that angiosperms have over gymnosperms. Cotyledons • Seed leaves in their _____________________ o __________________ – 1 seed leaf o __________________ – 2 seed leaves Angiosperm Classification • Scientific classification places the monocots into a single group but places the dicots in different categories. • The characteristics of monocots and dicots are compared in the table below. Annuals, Biennials and Perennials