Download 幻灯片 1

Human
Systematic
Anatomy
Zhu Xi
Prof . M.D.
2011-02
Medical School of Zhejiang University
1
Introduction
I. Definition of anatomy
Anatomy is the science dealing with the
gross morphology and spatial interrelations
of structures of the body.
For the medical students, human anatomy
is the basic course of the preclinical and clinical
curriculum.
2
II. Divisions of anatomy
from different method and purpose of study.
A. Gross Anatomy
It is the study of macroscopic or gross
structure visible to the naked eye.
Systematic anatomy; Regional anatomy.
B. Microscopic Anatomy (histology)
It is the study of minute structures requiring
the use of the microscope.
3
C. Developmental Anatomy (embryology)
It is the study of the development of the
body from its beginning (fertilized ovum ) to maturity.
D. Applied Anatomy
( Practical or Surgical Anatomy )
It is usually concerned with observations of
human structures which are useful in medicine,
especially in the surgical technique, but also in
4
clinical diagnosis.
III. General structure of human body
A. Cells:
A body consists of innumerable cells.
B. Tissue:
— epithelial tissue
— connective tissue
— muscular tissue
— nervous tissue
C. Organs and structures
5
D. Systems: 9 systems
— locomotor system：
bones; joints; muscles
— alimentary system
— respiratory system
— urinary system
— genital (reproductive) system
— circulatory system:
cardiovascular system; lymphatic system;
— endocrine system
— nervous system
— sense organs
E. Human body
6
IV. Anatomical terminology
A. Anatomical position
For the purpose of description of various
parts of body and their location, a body is assumed
to be in erect position.
It is essential to learn the anatomical position
because most of the directional terminology used
in anatomy refers to the body in this position.
7
— Anatomical position
• the face and toes directed forward；
• the eyes straight forward；
• the heels and toes get together;
• the upper limbs hang by the side
of body and the palms of the
hands face forward.
8
B. The relational planes
and sections:
1. For whole body
a) sagittal plane
a vertical plane which divides
body into left and right parts.
* median (midsagittal) plane
right and left parts are equal.
b) Coronal (frontal) plane
a vertical plane, which divides body
into anterior and posterior parts.
c) Horizontal (transverse) plane
it is at right angle to both sagittal and Coronal planes
and divides body into superior and inferior parts.
2.
For organ: longitudinal and transverse planes
9
C. Axises
vertical axis;
sagittal axis;
coronal axis.
10
D. The terms of direction
Anterior —— posterior
(ventral —— dorsal)
Medial —— lateral
(ulnar —— radial)
(tibial —— fibular)
Superior —— inferior
(cranial —— caudal)
Proximal —— distal
Internal —— external
Superficial —— deep
11
Part 1 The Locomotor System
Bones
(levers)
Joints
(axis)
Skeleton:
--- forms the framework
--- movement
--- protection
--- storage of minerals calcium
--- formation of blood cells
Skeletal muscles
(motive force)
12
Chapter 1
The general Description of
the Osteology ( bone system)
and the Arthrology
13
Section 1 The general description of the
osteology
I.Each bone:
---- is a organ;
---- has proper shape and certain functions;
---- is hard and resilient and abundant in blood
and nerve supply;
---- has constantly processing of metabolism and
growth;
---- possesses the ability of repairing, regeneration,
reconstruction;
---- can be affected by the genetic, external and
internal environmental factors.
14
II. Bones in adult
are 206 in number—
III. three parts
— the skull
— the bones of the trunk
(axial bones)
— the bones of the limbs
(appendicular bones)
15
I. The shape and
classification of bones
According to the shape,
there are 4 kinds of bones:
long bone
short bone
flat bone
irregular bone
16
1. Long bone:
one body (shaft, diaphysis)
medullary cavity, bone marrow
metaphysis
two ends (extremities ,epiphysis)
*epiphysial plate → line
17
2. Short bones:
cuboid
composed of spongy substance
with a thin layer of compact substance.
18
3. Flat bones:
skull and thorax,etc
2 plates of compact
bone ( outer plate
& inner plate)
with sponge bone
( diploë )
19
4. Irregular bone:
some cranial bones
contain air- filled cavities (sinuses)—
“pneumatic bone”
20
v. The structure of bone
1. Bony substances
a) compact substance (bone).
resisting stresses and bending.
b) spongy substance (bone)
(cancellous).
consists of a lot of trabeculae
which interweave with each
other. (pressure and tension)
21
2. Periosteum:
It envelops external surface
of the bones, except the joint
surface (articular cartilage).
2 layers —
outer layer:fibrous membrane
inner layer:vascular membrane
(osteoblasts).
Regeneration and repair
22
3. Bone marrow:
2 kinds of marrows—
a) red marrow
It is capable of making
blood cells.
b) yellow marrow
It comprises a lot of fat
and haven’t ability of making
blood cells in general.
4. Vessels and nerves
23
VI. Chemical composition and physical
properties
Bones are composed mostly of the organic
material and the inorganic material.
1. Organic material
--- It’s about 30～40 percent of the dry weight
of the bone and is mainly collagen.
--- It gives the bones resilience and toughness.
2. Inorganic material
--- It’s about 60～70 percent and chiefly are
calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate.
--- It gives the bones hardness and rigidity.
24
Section 2 The general description of
the arthrology
I. Definition of the arthrology
Arthrology treats of a connection between
two or more bones or between bone and
cartilage.
The bones are connected together by the
fibrous, cartilaginous or osseous tissues.
25
II. Classification of articulation
2 main types:
1. Continuous Articulation (immovable)
They only have a little or no movement.
a) fibrous joints：sutures, syndesmosis
b) cartilaginous joints：
synchondroses ——hyaline cartilages
symphyses —— fibrous cartilages.
c) synostoses
26
fibrous joints：
sutures,
syndesmoses
cartilaginous joints：
synchondroses
symphyses
27
synostoses
28
2. Discontinuous Articulations
(synovial joints or movable articulations)
They provide free movement
29
III. Essential structures
of the synovial joint
1. Articular surfaces
They have a layer of smooth hyaline
(articular cartilage).
2. Articular capsule:
2 layers:
Fibrous layer— superficial，thickness.
Synovial layer— deep, thin , slippery，
can produce synovia witch
lubricates the joint.
3. Articular cavity
a) a closed cavity and contains the synovial fluid.
b) It is negative to the atmosphere pressure.
30
IV. Accessory structures
of the synovial joints
1. Ligaments:
intracapsular
extracapsular
31
2. Articular disc & meniscus ，
3. Articular labrum (lip)
32
4. Synovial folds
and bursa.
33
V. Movements of joint (diarthroses)
1. Flexion and extension(in the coronal axis)
2. Adduction and abduction(in the sagittal axis)
3. Rotation (in the vertical axis or around its own
axis)
pronation and supination (only for forearm)
medial rotation and external rotation.
inversion and eversion (only for foot)
4. Circumduction (around 2 or 3 axises)
34
Flexion and extension(in the coronal axis)
35
36
Adduction and abduction(in the sagittal axis)
37
eversion and Inversion
38
Rotation (in the vertical axis or
around its own axis)
39
VI. Types of synovial joints
According to the axis ——
平面关节、球窝关节、
滑车关节、鞍状关节
等。
40
Chapter 2
Bones and joints
of the trunk

The Vertebral column
The Thoracic cage

41
Section 1
Vertebral column
42
A. Vertebrae
1. numbers(33~34→26)
Cervical vertebrae 7
Thoracic vertebrae 12
Lumbar vertebrae 5
Sacral vertebrae 5
→sacrum.
Coccygeal vertebrae 4
→coccyx
43
2. General features of the typical vertebra
It is composed of:
1. a body
2. vertebral arch: two pedicles, one lamina.
3. seven processes:
--- a spinous process
--- two transverse processes
--- two superior articular processes
--- two inferior articular processes
* The body with the arch surrounds a vertebral foramen.
* In the vertebral column, all of the foramina form the
vertebral canal, which lodges the spinal cord et al.
* A notch above or below the pedicle with its neighbour
forms the intervertebral foramen, which transmits
spinal nerve et al.
44
45
3. The main characteristics of
vertebrae in each part
1) Cervical vertebrae
a) * a transverse foramen
b) * spinous processes
are short and bifid.
c) the first one hasn’t body
and spinous process (Atlas).
d) the second has a dens (Axis).
e) the 7th’s spine is the longest and easily felt
out (vertebral prominens).
46
2) Thoracic vertebrae
a) there are costal fovea
(superior, inferior
and transverse costal fovea)
b) the spinous process are long and
downward sloping.
47
3) Lumbar vertebrae
The spines are strong,
square and horizontal.
48
4) Sacrum
a) base of sacrum
(promontory).
b) pelvic surface
(concave, 4 pairs of
anterior sacral foramina).
c) dorsal surface
(convex, 4 pairs of
posterior sacral foramina).
d) lateral part
(auricular surface).
e) Sacral canal(sacral hiatus).
49
B. The Joints of
the vertebrae
50
1.Jionts of the body
anterior longitudinal lig.
posterior longitudina
intervertibral disc
annulus fibrosus
nucleus pulposus
2. Joints of the arch
ligaments flava
interspinal lig.
supraspinal lig.
intertransverse lig.
51
intervertibral joints

C. Vertebral column
as a whole

Lateral view





Cervical curvature
Thoracic curvature
Lumbar cuevature
Sacral curvature
52
Section 2
The Thoracic
cage(thorax)
支持、保护、
呼吸运动.
组成：12对肋、
12个胸椎、
1个胸骨
连接而成。
53
A. Sternum and Ribs
1. Sternum
Manubrium
(jugular notch, clavicular
notch and 1st costal notch)
Body (2~7costal notches).
Xiphoid process
* sternal angle
2. Ribs
costal bone
costal cartilage
54
. costal head
costal neck
costal tubercle
costal groove
1st rib:
scalene tubercle
sulcus for
subclavian a.
sulcus for
subclavian v.
55
B. Thoracic joints:
1. Costovertebral joints:
costocapital joint
costotransverse joint
2. Sternocostal joints:
1st rib by synchondrosis
2nd-7th by Sternocostal joints
7th-10th : costal arch
56






C. The thoracic cage as a whole
Superior aperture
Costal arch
Infrasternal angle
Xiphocastal angle
Intercostal space
57