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Transcript
Ecosystem Review (25 points) 1. Which law regulates air pollution? Which law regulates water pollution? Which law protects endangered species? Water pollution: Air pollution? Endangered species? 2. Define the following terms related to species interactions. Competition Mutualism Parasitism Predation Commensalism 3. Why are trees important to an ecosystem, even after they have fallen? 4. How does the second law of thermodynamics relate to energy moving up trophic levels? 1 5. Using the food web above, what directly results from removing a primary consumer, such as a deer or moose from the ecosystem? 6. Fill in the trophic levels for a temperate deciduous forest. Use the following organisms: Spider, grasshopper, Deer, Bear, Snake, Hawk, Mouse, Tree, Flower, Grass, Mountain Lion, small birds, coyote Tertiary Consumers Secondary Consumers Primary Consumers Primary Producers 7. Which of the following biome has the highest net primary productivity? 8. In photosynthesis, during light reactions, what do plants take in? What do they give off? What do organisms (or plants during dark reactions) give off? Plants take in _________________ and give off ______________ during light reactions of photosynthesis. When organisms like humans and bacteria respirate they take in _______________ and give off _______________. 2 9. Which biome has the lowest net primary productivity, and therefore would be most impacted by degradation of primary producers? 10. The net annual primary productivity of a particular savanna ecosystem is found to be 5,000 kcal/m2 per year. If respiration by the producers is 4,500 kcal/m2 per year, what is the gross annual primary productivity for this ecosystem, in kcal/m2 per year? Net primary productivity = gross primary productivity - respiration 11. Tropical Rainforests tend to be the most deforested biome in the world. What are 2 things that will happen to the soil in a rainforest if you remove all the trees? 1) 2) 12. Traveling from the northpole to the equator, what happens to the mean temperature? What happens to the mean precipitation? Why? Temperature Precipitation 13. Give 3 examples of abiotic components and 3 examples of biotic components that are affected by abiotic components in an ecosystem? Abiotic Biotic 1) 1) 2) 2) 3) 3) 14. What is gross primary productivity (GPP)? What is net primary productivity (NPP)? How are they related? NPP= GPP= 3 Relation: 15. What is an Ecosystem service? Name 3 examples of ecosystem services? 1) 2) 3) 16. What is the primary cause of deforestation in the tropical rainforests of the Amazon basin? 17. How do trees control the flow of water during rainstorms? 18. A farmer uses nitrogen fertilizer to increase crop yields. Run off from irrigating crops brings nitrogen to streams and rivers. Eutrophication begins. What is likely to happen next? The following questions refer to qualities of water samples. Write the letter for the correct answer in the blanks for numbers 19 through 23. An answer may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. B. C. D. E. Acidity Turbidity Hardness Dissolved oxygen Salinity 19. Measured on the pH scale ______________ 20. Caused by suspended particulates ______________ 4 21. Measured by the amount of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ______________ 22. What are 2 characteristics of a population that would accelerate its extinction? 23. Logging occurs, polluting the local stream. What is the most likely result of an increase in pollution (increase in decomposition) in the stream? 24. Which of the above park layouts has the least forest fragmentation? How will this affect the biotic organisms that live in the forest? 25. Rank the following forestry practices in order from most sustainable to least sustainable: Selective cutting, clear cutting, strip cutting. Selective Cutting Clear Cutting Strip Cutting 26. Match the following terms with their definitions. i. National parks 5 ii. iii. iv. v. National wildlife refuges National forests National wilderness preservation areas National resource lands A. Wilderness, scenic view and unusual landforms that have distinct boundaries, and are preserved for the enjoyment of the US public _____ B. Areas that are set aside for the primary purpose of protecting wildlife, such as the endangered Marbled Murrelet. _______ C. Publically owned lands usually formed within national forests or rangelands, which limit human use to preserve the ecosystem, by prohibiting logging, mining or construction of roads. _______ D. Along with National Rangelands (for grazing) these areas are managed by the National Forest Service, these are section of land dominated by woody plants within Publically owned lands. __________ E. These areas of land are managed by the bureau of land, which are set aside for resources accessed by the public. Publically owned oil rigs are an example of this type of land. _______ 27. What are 3 major goal of the program begun in 1995 to reintroduce the gray wolf into Yellowstone National Park? (related to the endangered species list, the bison population and ecosystem balance/predator prey relationships) 1) 2) 3) 28. List 4 ADVANTAGES of maintaining the biodiversity of an ecosystem: 1) 2) 3) 4) 6 29. What is an example of wetland mitigation? Why is wetland mitigation complicated? 30. What is reclamation? What is an example of reclamation of a heavily mined area? 31. Explain how Dissolved Oxygen, Nitrate, phosphate could be used to identify whether a water system is contaminated. 32. Fill in the chart for what types of water tests, and what they tell you about the water quality/why is it important? Test What it tells your about the water quality Dissolved Oxygen Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Fecal Coliform bacteria Nitrate (NO3) Phosphate (PO4) Temperature pH Turbidity Water Hardness 7 33. Explain how water quality changes at different parts of a stream? Why? Upstream Midstream Downstream 8