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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T58609631A58628791 Hyridella glenelgensis, Glenelg Freshwater Mussel Assessment by: Walker, KF, Jones, H. A. & Klunzinger, M View on www.iucnredlist.org Citation: Walker, KF, Jones, H. A. & Klunzinger, M. 2014. Hyridella glenelgensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T58609631A58628791. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20143.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en Copyright: © 2015 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale, reposting or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder. For further details see Terms of Use. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London. If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown in this document, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided. THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Animalia Mollusca Bivalvia Unionoida Hyriidae Taxon Name: Hyridella glenelgensis (Dennant, 1898) Synonym(s): • Unio glenelgensis Dennant, 1898 Common Name(s): • English: Glenelg Freshwater Mussel Taxonomic Source(s): Graf, D.L. and Cummings, K.S. 2013. The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves), updated 8 August 2013. MUSSEL Project Web Site. Available at: http://www.mussel-project.net/. (Accessed: 15 April 2014). Taxonomic Notes: There have been no recent taxonomic changes (cf. Iredale 1934, 1943; McMichael & Hiscock 1958; Smith 1992). This species is related to Hyridella narracanensis, found at scattered localities in SE South Australia, coastal Victoria and northern Tasmania, but is distinguished by more extensive shell sculpturing (McMichael and Hiscock 1958). Playford and Walker (2008) speculated that H. glenelgensis and H. narracanensis (specifically, shells from nearby Eight Mile Creek, South Australia), could prove to be ecophenotypes of one species. Preliminary analysis of mitochondrial DNA in mantle-tissue snips from the two taxa showed 2% divergence in cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), but this was considered inconclusive due to small sample sizes. Assessment Information Red List Category & Criteria: Critically Endangered A2abc; B2ab(iii,v) ver 3.1 Year Published: 2014 Date Assessed: April 13, 2014 Justification: The species is known only from one 500 m reach of a small stream. The estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 1 km² and the estimated population in 2005 was <1,000 individuals. There has been an estimated reduction of more than 80% in extent of occurrence (EOO) over the last three generations (estimated 9 years), due primarily to hydrological changes associated with drought and water diversions. The species is exposed to a number of threats including low flows and water diversions, agricultural chemicals, trampling and grazing by stock, loss of riparian vegetation and rapidly changing patterns of land-use, and these are expected to intensify. Potential threats in the future include salinisation, © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hyridella glenelgensis – published in 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en 1 predation by introduced common carp and climate change leading to increased flood and drought events. Threats therefore are known and increasing. The species is assessed as Critically Endangered A2abc; B2ab(iii) Geographic Range Range Description: This species is restricted to a single location in the Crawford River, Victoria, Australia. The taxon was described in 1898 from the Glenelg River near Dartmoor, Victoria (Dennant 1898). The holotype and paratype are empty shells that may have washed into the Glenelg from the Crawford River. There is also an isolated record is from Wannon Creek near Hamilton (Cotton and Gabriel 1932, McMichael and Hiscock 1958). Except for a doubtful record from Port Fairy, 90 km eastward (McMichael and Hiscock 1958: 467; Playford and Walker 2008), all known specimens are from the Glenelg system. There were no records from the late 1920s until 1990, and again in 2000, when a few specimens were found in the Crawford River, a tributary of the Glenelg (Walker et al. 2001). At that time, extensive searches in other parts of the system failed to find any specimens. Surveys in 2005 showed that the remaining population is concentrated in the lowermost 500 m reach of the Crawford River at Dartmoor, before its junction with the Glenelg River (Playford 2005, Playford and Walker 2008). Note that the Crawford River is a small stream (2‑3 m wide and often less than 20 cm deep). Country Occurrence: Native: Australia (Victoria) © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hyridella glenelgensis – published in 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en 2 Population The estimated total number of mature individuals in 2005 was less than 1,000 (Playford 2005, Playford and Walker 2008). The extant population is in the same general area from where the species was described in 1898. Although this mussel has persisted in this locality for more than a century, its small numbers, limited range and vulnerability to threats make its situation highly precarious. At specific sites along the stretch of river (e.g. in 2009, during the Millennium Drought (1997–2010)), many dead shells were strewn along the stream edge and only two live mussels could be found (Jodie Honan, pers. comm.). Four years earlier, Playford (2005) recorded more than 30 live mussels at the same point. This indicates a local decline of 93% or more in numbers over a short time scale (five years). Current Population Trend: Decreasing Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information) The Glenelg Freshwater Mussel is a bivalve mollusc that attains 18‑51 mm in length (Playford and Walker 2008). The shell is almond-shaped, and the umbo (beak) and shell surface are sculpted with interlocking V-shaped ridges. The outer periostracum is olive-green in juveniles and dark purple-brown in adults. The species occurs in shallow, flowing reaches of a small (wade-able) freshwater stream, in the lee of logs, boulders or aquatic plants over fine sandy sediments (Playford and Walker 2008). The banks are densely vegetated (Eucalyptus spp.; blackwood, Acacia melanoxylon; woolly tea-tree, Melaleuca lanigerum), shading the water and providing fallen debris as shelter for the mussels. The mussels burrow in firm, coarse sandy sediments, using their shell as a blade and muscular 'foot' as an anchor, leaving only the hindmost part of the shell above the sediments. They occur singly in marginal habitats or in small aggregations in more favourable areas. Like all hyriid mussels, these are omnivorous filter feeders. Water is drawn in via the inhalant siphon, particles of plankton and detritus are trapped by ciliated gills (ctenidia) and passed to the mouth and waste material is expelled as mucous strings (pseudofaeces). Adults are likely to have an upper salinity tolerance of 3‑4 g/L, similar to other hyriid mussels (Walker et al. 2001). In the Glenelg Basin, only the Crawford River and two smaller tributaries consistently have salinities below this level (Playford and Walker 2008). Adults probably reach maturity at 2‑4 years of age (cf. Jones et al. 1986, Byrne 1998). In summer, sperm are released into the water by males and taken in by females, and the fertilised eggs develop in pouches (marsupia) in the gills of the females. Clutch sizes are not known but other, larger species may produce less than 100 to more than 100 000 glochidia (mature embryos) (DSE 2009). The glochidia are ectoparasites for 2‑3 weeks on the gills or fins of a host fish, and undergo metamorphosis during this time. The host is likely to include a number of native fish species (cf. Walker et al. 2001). Once the glochidia have metamorphosed, they adopt the burrowing habit of adults, but remain vulnerable to bottom-feeding predators. The main opportunity for mussels to disperse is as glochidia and during the period on the host fish. The adult mussels are sedentary, with little capacity for dispersal. Systems: Freshwater Use and Trade There is no trade in the taxon, but the shells potentially are of interest to collectors. Threats (see Appendix for additional information) © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hyridella glenelgensis – published in 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en 3 The major threats that have impacted the range of this species over the last 10 years include changes in flow regime associated with river management (diversions and regulation), as well as patterns of flow changing with chugging frequency of drought and flood events. In addition there have been increases in sedimentation and bank erosion caused by forestry management, agricultural development and trampling by stock and loss of aquatic and riparian vegetation due to land clearing and grazing by stock. These are interdependent factors affecting the entire restricted range of the species and are having impacts on the abundance of the species. Water is diverted from the Crawford River for domestic and agricultural use, and diversions typically increase during summer. Low flows are accompanied by increased salinity and water temperature and lower dissolved oxygen concentrations, and expose the shallow, sheltered littoral areas occupied by mussels. As the stream is shallow and narrow, the mussel population is highly vulnerable to hydrological changes. This was demonstrated at one point near Dartmoor in 2009, during the Millennium Drought (1997–2010), when many dead shells were strewn along the stream edge and only two live mussels could be found (Jodie Honan, pers. comm.). Four years earlier, Playford (2005) recorded more than 30 live mussels at the same point. This indicates a local decline of 93% or more in numbers. Plantations of Blue Gum (Eucalyptus globulus) and pines (Pinus radiata) in the region also have affected stream flows; for example, 18,000 ha of eucalypt plantations have been established in the Crawford subcatchment since 1990, lowering water tables and causing reduced flows and drying of springs (SKM 2008). Mussels are absent or rare in areas where stock have access to the channel. Cattle destroy the in-stream and riparian vegetation that provides shelter (current, sunlight) for the mussels; they may also erode the stream banks, trample the shells, compact the sediments and pollute the water. Mobilised silt impedes the filtering activity of the mussels and can smother and bury shells. Clearing of vegetation associated with urban and agricultural development is implicated in the loss of freshwater mussel populations elsewhere in Australia (Walker et al. 2001, Brainwood et al. 2006). Future Potential Threats The Crawford River catchment has been transformed in the last 25 years, with more than 30,000 ha of grazing land converted to cropland, dairy pastures, forestry plantations and other uses in 1990–2001 (Clifton et al. 2006, SKM 2008). The scale of recent and anticipated changes will alter flow regimes, water quality and groundwater recharge in regional water-dependent ecosystems. As noted, the limited habitat and small size of the population make the mussels vulnerable to a variety of threats. Many of these would be regarded as natural processes. For example, the mussels are prey for the native water rat (Hydromys chrysogaster, Muridae), shown by empty, broken shells found along the banks of the Crawford River during surveys. The risk of extinction may vary with changes in predation pressure. Other significant threats throughout the range of H. glenelgensis are: © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hyridella glenelgensis – published in 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en 4 • Intensified water use and urban development, • Agricultural chemicals (nutrients, pesticides, herbicides), • Forestry management and fire risk associated with plantations, • Salinisation, • Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio), and • Climate change. The upper reaches of the Glenelg Basin are salinized in association with irrigation development (GHCMA 2005). Salinities above 3–4 g/L are lethal to adult mussels (e.g., Walker et al. 2001, 2013). The glochidia would be less tolerant (Walker 1981), but there are no data specifically for H. glenelgensis. Forestry has the potential to degrade mussel habitat through erosion and siltation caused by harvesting, particularly if buffer zones are inadequate (TSSC 2011). There is also a risk associated with fire (hence loss of vegetation, erosion and siltation) in tree plantations. Freshwater mussels are affected by leached chemicals such as pesticides, due to their filter-feeding habit and propensity to bio-accumulate contaminants in their tissues (Walker et al. 2001). Pesticides are commonly used in agricultural management and in eucalypt plantations (FWPA 2009). Common Carp have had major effects in the Murray-Darling Basin, where they now represent 80 percent of the total fish biomass (Davies et al. 2008) and are responsible for destruction of wetland habitats and native fauna including fish and invertebrates (Sheldon and Walker 1993, Koehn et al. 2000). Carp became established in the Glenelg Basin in 2001 (ASFB 2001, DPI 2009). They are a potential predator on juvenile and adult mussels and are likely to degrade stream habitat and threaten native fauna and flora. There is evidence that common carp (and the related goldfish, Carassius auratus) are not effective hosts for glochidia (Walker 1981; Walker et al. 2001, 2013; DPIPWE 2009; Klunzinger et al. 2012). If this is true for H. glenelgensis, the availability of suitable fish hosts could limit recruitment to the mussel population. Climate-change projections for southern Australia and the Glenelg region in particular indicate a more variable climate with generally increased temperatures and less rainfall (DSE 2008). Small streams like the Crawford River are especially vulnerable (SKM 2008). Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information) In 2011, this species was listed as Critically Endangered under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). The listing advice is at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=82953. In 2009, the species was listed as Critically Endangered under the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 (FFG Act). The listing advice is at: http://www.depi.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/210438/Advisory_List_of_Threatened_Invert ebrate_Fauna_2009_FINAL_Sept_2009.pdf. The Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE 2009) outlined the following actions to assist in the recovery of H. glenelgensis:Ensure records of species, communities and locations are documented on the relevant databases, • Increase the extent and improve condition of habitat, © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hyridella glenelgensis – published in 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en 5 • Maintain captive populations for research, identify reintroduction sites and prepare a plan for reintroduction, • Increase knowledge of biology, ecology and management requirements, • Conduct survey to locate additional populations and suitable habitat, • Secure populations or habitat from potentially incompatible land use or catastrophic loss, • Amend Crown Land reservation, • Develop or amend planning scheme overlays and schedules, • Develop/revise management prescriptions and/or zoning for state forest, • Develop, provide input to or implement park, reserve or land management plan, • Develop, publish and distribute educational, technical or publicity material and/or displays, • Liaise with private landholders and government agencies and • Fence habitat to allow natural regeneration. In regard to listing under the EPBC Act, the Threatened Species Scientific Committee (TSSC 2011) recommended that there should not be a recovery plan for the species, as the approved conservation advice provides sufficient direction to implement priority actions and mitigate key threats. The Victorian FFG Act stipulates that an Action Statement should be prepared by the Department of Environment and Primary Industries (DEPI) for each listed item, but an approved Statement is not yet available (see DSE 2009). Credits Assessor(s): Walker, KF, Jones, H. A. & Klunzinger, M Reviewer(s): Lopes-Lima , M. & Seddon, M.B. Contributor(s): Playford , T., Hammer, M. & Seddon, M.B. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hyridella glenelgensis – published in 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en 6 Bibliography Brainwood, M., Burgin, S. and Byrne, M. 2006. Is the decline of freshwater mussel populations in a regulated coastal river in south-eastern Australia linked with human modification of habitat? . Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems: 501–516. Cotton, B.C. and Gabriel, C.J. 1932. Australian Unionidae. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 44: 155-160. Dennant, J. 1898. Description of a new species of Unio from the River Glenelg. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 10: 112–113. Department of Primary Industries and Water (DPIW). 2009. Environmental flow assessment for the Macquarie River catchment upstream of Lake River. Water Assessment Aquatic Ecology Report WA 09/01. Department of Primary Industries and Water, Hobart. Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (DPIPWE). 2009. Status of fish communities and observations on South Esk freshwater mussel (Velesunio moretonicus) populations in the Macquarie River catchment upstream of Lake River. Water Assessment Aquatic Ecology Report WA 09/02.. Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Hobart. DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment, East Melbourne). 2009. Advisory list of threatened invertebrate fauna of Victoria – 2009. Department of Sustainability and Environment, East Melbourne. IUCN. 2014. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 13 November 2014). Klunzinger, M.W., Beatty, S.J., Morgan, D.L., Thomson, G.J., Lymbery, A.J. 2012. Glochidia ecology in wild fish populations and laboratory determination of competent host fishes for an endemic freshwater mussel of south-western Australia. . Australian Journal of Zoology 60: 26-36. McMichael, D.F. and Hiscock, I.D. 1958. A monograph of the freshwater mussels (Mollusca: Pelecypoda) of the Australian region. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 9: 372-508. Playford, T.J. 2005. Conservation Status of the Endangered Glenelg River Mussel Hyridella glenelgensis (Dennant, 1898) (Unionoida: Hyriidae). Unpublished BSc Honours Thesis. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide. Playford, T.J. and Walker, K.F. 2008. Status of the endangered Glenelg River Mussel Hyridella glenelgensis (Unionoida: Hyriidae) in Australia. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18: 679691. Sheldon, F. and Walker, K.F. 1993. Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails. Regulated Rivers: Research & Management 8(3): 295-299. Threatened Species Scientific Committee [TSSC]. 2011. Advice to the Minister for Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities from the Threatened Species Scientific Committee on an amendment to the list of threatened ecological communities under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). Arnhem Plateau Sandstone Shrubland complex. Available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/communities/pubs/111-listing-advice.pdf. Walker, K.F. 1981. Ecology of freshwater mussels in the River Murray. Australian Water Resources Council Technical Papers 63, Canberra. Walker, K.F., Byrne, M., Hickey, C.W. and Roper, D.S. 2001. Freshwater Mussels (Hyriidae) of Australasia. In: G. Bauer and K. Wächtler (eds), Ecology and Evolution of the Freshwater Mussels Unionoida, pp. 5-31. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hyridella glenelgensis – published in 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en 7 Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. Walker, K.F., Jones, H.A. and Klunzinger, M.W. 2013. Bivalves in a bottleneck: taxonomy, phylogeography and conservation of freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida) in Australasia. Hydrobiologia. Citation Walker, KF, Jones, H. A. & Klunzinger, M. 2014. Hyridella glenelgensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T58609631A58628791. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20143.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en Disclaimer To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use. External Resources For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hyridella glenelgensis – published in 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en 8 Appendix Habitats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Habitat Season Suitability Major Importance? 1. Forest -> 1.4. Forest - Temperate Resident Suitable Yes 5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.1. Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) Resident Suitable Yes Threats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score 1. Residential & commercial development -> 1.1. Housing & urban areas Ongoing Minority (50%) Slow, significant declines Low impact: 5 Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success Unknown Unknown Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success Unknown Unknown Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success Ongoing Majority (5090%) Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance 1. Residential & commercial development -> 1.2. Commercial & industrial areas 1. Residential & commercial development -> 1.3. Tourism & recreation areas 2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual & perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.1. Shifting agriculture © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hyridella glenelgensis – published in 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en Causing/could cause fluctuations Causing/could cause fluctuations Slow, significant declines Unknown Unknown Medium impact: 6 9 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success 2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual & perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.2. Small-holder farming Ongoing Minority (50%) Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success Ongoing Majority (5090%) Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success 2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual & perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.4. Scale Unknown/Unrecorded Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.2. Wood & pulp plantations -> 2.2.1. Small-holder plantations Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success Ongoing Minority (50%) Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success Ongoing Majority (5090%) Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success 2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual & perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.3. Agro-industry farming 2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.2. Wood & pulp plantations -> 2.2.2. Agro-industry plantations 2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming & ranching -> 2.3.2. Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hyridella glenelgensis – published in 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en Slow, significant declines Slow, significant declines Slow, significant declines Very rapid declines Low impact: 5 Medium impact: 6 Low impact: 5 High impact: 8 10 2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming & ranching -> 2.3.3. Agro-industry grazing, ranching or farming Ongoing Majority (5090%) Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success 4. Transportation & service corridors -> 4.1. Roads & railroads Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 4. Transportation & service corridors -> 4.2. Utility & service lines Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 7. Natural system modifications -> 7.2. Dams & water management/use -> 7.2.1. Abstraction of surface water (domestic use) Ongoing Majority (5090%) Slow, significant declines Medium impact: 6 Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success Ongoing Majority (5090%) Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success Ongoing Majority (5090%) Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success 7. Natural system modifications -> 7.2. Dams & water management/use -> 7.2.4. Abstraction of surface water (unknown use) Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 7. Natural system modifications -> 7.2. Dams & water management/use -> 7.2.5. Abstraction of ground water (domestic use) Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 7. Natural system modifications -> 7.2. Dams & water management/use -> 7.2.2. Abstraction of surface water (commercial use) 7. Natural system modifications -> 7.2. Dams & water management/use -> 7.2.3. Abstraction of surface water (agricultural use) © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hyridella glenelgensis – published in 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en Slow, significant declines Slow, significant declines Slow, significant declines Medium impact: 6 Medium impact: 6 Medium impact: 6 11 7. Natural system modifications -> 7.2. Dams & water management/use -> 7.2.6. Abstraction of ground water (commercial use) Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 7. Natural system modifications -> 7.2. Dams & water management/use -> 7.2.7. Abstraction of ground water (agricultural use) Ongoing Majority (5090%) Slow, significant declines Medium impact: 6 Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success 7. Natural system modifications -> 7.2. Dams & water management/use -> 7.2.8. Abstraction of ground water (unknown use) Ongoing - - - 7. Natural system modifications -> 7.2. Dams & water management/use -> 7.2.9. Small dams Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 7. Natural system modifications -> 7.2. Dams & water management/use -> 7.2.10. Large dams Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success 7. Natural system modifications -> 7.2. Dams & water management/use -> 7.2.11. Dams (size unknown) Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 7. Natural system modifications -> 7.3. Other ecosystem modifications Ongoing Majority (5090%) Slow, significant declines Medium impact: 6 Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success Future Majority (5090%) Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success Ongoing - 8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.1. Unspecified species 8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.2. Named species (Carassius auratus) © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hyridella glenelgensis – published in 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en Unknown - Unknown - 12 8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.2. Named species (Cyprinus carpio) Ongoing - - - 9. Pollution -> 9.1. Domestic & urban waste water -> 9.1.1. Sewage Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 9. Pollution -> 9.1. Domestic & urban waste water -> 9.1.2. Run-off Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 9. Pollution -> 9.1. Domestic & urban waste water -> 9.1.3. Type Unknown/Unrecorded Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 9. Pollution -> 9.2. Industrial & military effluents -> 9.2.1. Oil spills Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 9. Pollution -> 9.2. Industrial & military effluents -> 9.2.2. Seepage from mining Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 9. Pollution -> 9.2. Industrial & military effluents -> 9.2.3. Type Unknown/Unrecorded Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 9. Pollution -> 9.3. Agricultural & forestry effluents -> 9.3.1. Nutrient loads Ongoing Majority (5090%) Unknown Unknown Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success Ongoing Majority (5090%) Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success Ongoing Majority (5090%) Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success 9. Pollution -> 9.3. Agricultural & forestry effluents -> 9.3.4. Type Unknown/Unrecorded Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 11. Climate change & severe weather -> 11.1. Habitat shifting & alteration Ongoing Majority (5090%) Slow, significant declines Medium impact: 6 Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects 9. Pollution -> 9.3. Agricultural & forestry effluents -> 9.3.2. Soil erosion, sedimentation 9. Pollution -> 9.3. Agricultural & forestry effluents -> 9.3.3. Herbicides and pesticides © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hyridella glenelgensis – published in 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en Slow, significant declines Unknown Medium impact: 6 Unknown 13 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success 11. Climate change & severe weather -> 11.2. Droughts 11. Climate change & severe weather -> 11.3. Temperature extremes Ongoing Majority (5090%) Causing/could cause fluctuations Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success Ongoing - - Medium impact: 6 - Conservation Actions Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Conservation Actions Needed 1. Land/water protection -> 1.1. Site/area protection 1. Land/water protection -> 1.2. Resource & habitat protection 2. Land/water management -> 2.1. Site/area management 2. Land/water management -> 2.2. Invasive/problematic species control 2. Land/water management -> 2.3. Habitat & natural process restoration 3. Species management -> 3.3. Species re-introduction -> 3.3.1. Reintroduction 3. Species management -> 3.3. Species re-introduction -> 3.3.2. Benign introduction 3. Species management -> 3.4. Ex-situ conservation -> 3.4.1. Captive breeding/artificial propagation 3. Species management -> 3.4. Ex-situ conservation -> 3.4.2. Genome resource bank 4. Education & awareness -> 4.1. Formal education 4. Education & awareness -> 4.2. Training 4. Education & awareness -> 4.3. Awareness & communications 5. Law & policy -> 5.1. Legislation -> 5.1.2. National level 5. Law & policy -> 5.1. Legislation -> 5.1.3. Sub-national level 5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.2. National level 5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.3. Sub-national level 6. Livelihood, economic & other incentives -> 6.1. Linked enterprises & livelihood alternatives 6. Livelihood, economic & other incentives -> 6.2. Substitution 6. Livelihood, economic & other incentives -> 6.3. Market forces © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hyridella glenelgensis – published in 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en 14 Conservation Actions Needed 6. Livelihood, economic & other incentives -> 6.4. Conservation payments 6. Livelihood, economic & other incentives -> 6.5. Non-monetary values Research Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Research Needed 1. Research -> 1.1. Taxonomy 1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends 1. Research -> 1.3. Life history & ecology 1. Research -> 1.5. Threats 1. Research -> 1.6. Actions 2. Conservation Planning -> 2.1. Species Action/Recovery Plan 2. Conservation Planning -> 2.2. Area-based Management Plan 3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends 3. Monitoring -> 3.4. Habitat trends Additional Data Fields Distribution Estimated area of occupancy (AOO) (km²): 4 Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Unknown Number of Locations: 1 Lower elevation limit (m): 0 Upper elevation limit (m): 200 Population Number of mature individuals: 1000 Continuing decline of mature individuals: Yes No. of subpopulations: 1 All individuals in one subpopulation: Yes Habitats and Ecology Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Yes Generation Length (years): 3 © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hyridella glenelgensis – published in 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en 15 The IUCN Red List Partnership The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London. THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™