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IUCN 2008: T58609631A58628791
Hyridella glenelgensis, Glenelg Freshwater Mussel
Assessment by: Walker, KF, Jones, H. A. & Klunzinger, M
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Citation: Walker, KF, Jones, H. A. & Klunzinger, M. 2014. Hyridella glenelgensis. The IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species 2014: e.T58609631A58628791. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20143.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en
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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™
Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Animalia
Mollusca
Bivalvia
Unionoida
Hyriidae
Taxon Name: Hyridella glenelgensis (Dennant, 1898)
Synonym(s):
• Unio glenelgensis Dennant, 1898
Common Name(s):
• English:
Glenelg Freshwater Mussel
Taxonomic Source(s):
Graf, D.L. and Cummings, K.S. 2013. The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less
consequential bivalves), updated 8 August 2013. MUSSEL Project Web Site. Available at:
http://www.mussel-project.net/. (Accessed: 15 April 2014).
Taxonomic Notes:
There have been no recent taxonomic changes (cf. Iredale 1934, 1943; McMichael & Hiscock 1958;
Smith 1992).
This species is related to Hyridella narracanensis, found at scattered localities in SE South Australia,
coastal Victoria and northern Tasmania, but is distinguished by more extensive shell sculpturing
(McMichael and Hiscock 1958). Playford and Walker (2008) speculated that H. glenelgensis and H.
narracanensis (specifically, shells from nearby Eight Mile Creek, South Australia), could prove to be
ecophenotypes of one species. Preliminary analysis of mitochondrial DNA in mantle-tissue snips from
the two taxa showed 2% divergence in cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), but this was considered
inconclusive due to small sample sizes.
Assessment Information
Red List Category & Criteria:
Critically Endangered A2abc; B2ab(iii,v) ver 3.1
Year Published:
2014
Date Assessed:
April 13, 2014
Justification:
The species is known only from one 500 m reach of a small stream. The estimated area of occupancy
(AOO) is less than 1 km² and the estimated population in 2005 was <1,000 individuals. There has been
an estimated reduction of more than 80% in extent of occurrence (EOO) over the last three generations
(estimated 9 years), due primarily to hydrological changes associated with drought and water diversions.
The species is exposed to a number of threats including low flows and water diversions, agricultural
chemicals, trampling and grazing by stock, loss of riparian vegetation and rapidly changing patterns of
land-use, and these are expected to intensify. Potential threats in the future include salinisation,
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hyridella glenelgensis – published in 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en
1
predation by introduced common carp and climate change leading to increased flood and drought
events. Threats therefore are known and increasing.
The species is assessed as Critically Endangered A2abc; B2ab(iii)
Geographic Range
Range Description:
This species is restricted to a single location in the Crawford River, Victoria, Australia.
The taxon was described in 1898 from the Glenelg River near Dartmoor, Victoria (Dennant 1898). The
holotype and paratype are empty shells that may have washed into the Glenelg from the Crawford River.
There is also an isolated record is from Wannon Creek near Hamilton (Cotton and Gabriel 1932,
McMichael and Hiscock 1958). Except for a doubtful record from Port Fairy, 90 km eastward (McMichael
and Hiscock 1958: 467; Playford and Walker 2008), all known specimens are from the Glenelg system.
There were no records from the late 1920s until 1990, and again in 2000, when a few specimens were
found in the Crawford River, a tributary of the Glenelg (Walker et al. 2001). At that time, extensive
searches in other parts of the system failed to find any specimens. Surveys in 2005 showed that the
remaining population is concentrated in the lowermost 500 m reach of the Crawford River at Dartmoor,
before its junction with the Glenelg River (Playford 2005, Playford and Walker 2008). Note that the
Crawford River is a small stream (2‑3 m wide and often less than 20 cm deep).
Country Occurrence:
Native: Australia (Victoria)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hyridella glenelgensis – published in 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en
2
Population
The estimated total number of mature individuals in 2005 was less than 1,000 (Playford 2005, Playford
and Walker 2008). The extant population is in the same general area from where the species was
described in 1898. Although this mussel has persisted in this locality for more than a century, its small
numbers, limited range and vulnerability to threats make its situation highly precarious.
At specific sites along the stretch of river (e.g. in 2009, during the Millennium Drought (1997–2010)),
many dead shells were strewn along the stream edge and only two live mussels could be found (Jodie
Honan, pers. comm.). Four years earlier, Playford (2005) recorded more than 30 live mussels at the
same point. This indicates a local decline of 93% or more in numbers over a short time scale (five years).
Current Population Trend: Decreasing
Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)
The Glenelg Freshwater Mussel is a bivalve mollusc that attains 18‑51 mm in length (Playford and
Walker 2008). The shell is almond-shaped, and the umbo (beak) and shell surface are sculpted with
interlocking V-shaped ridges. The outer periostracum is olive-green in juveniles and dark purple-brown
in adults. The species occurs in shallow, flowing reaches of a small (wade-able) freshwater stream, in
the lee of logs, boulders or aquatic plants over fine sandy sediments (Playford and Walker 2008). The
banks are densely vegetated (Eucalyptus spp.; blackwood, Acacia melanoxylon; woolly tea-tree,
Melaleuca lanigerum), shading the water and providing fallen debris as shelter for the mussels. The
mussels burrow in firm, coarse sandy sediments, using their shell as a blade and muscular 'foot' as an
anchor, leaving only the hindmost part of the shell above the sediments. They occur singly in marginal
habitats or in small aggregations in more favourable areas. Like all hyriid mussels, these are omnivorous
filter feeders. Water is drawn in via the inhalant siphon, particles of plankton and detritus are trapped
by ciliated gills (ctenidia) and passed to the mouth and waste material is expelled as mucous strings
(pseudofaeces). Adults are likely to have an upper salinity tolerance of 3‑4 g/L, similar to other hyriid
mussels (Walker et al. 2001). In the Glenelg Basin, only the Crawford River and two smaller tributaries
consistently have salinities below this level (Playford and Walker 2008). Adults probably reach maturity
at 2‑4 years of age (cf. Jones et al. 1986, Byrne 1998). In summer, sperm are released into the water by
males and taken in by females, and the fertilised eggs develop in pouches (marsupia) in the gills of the
females. Clutch sizes are not known but other, larger species may produce less than 100 to more than
100 000 glochidia (mature embryos) (DSE 2009). The glochidia are ectoparasites for 2‑3 weeks on the
gills or fins of a host fish, and undergo metamorphosis during this time. The host is likely to include a
number of native fish species (cf. Walker et al. 2001). Once the glochidia have metamorphosed, they
adopt the burrowing habit of adults, but remain vulnerable to bottom-feeding predators. The main
opportunity for mussels to disperse is as glochidia and during the period on the host fish. The adult
mussels are sedentary, with little capacity for dispersal.
Systems: Freshwater
Use and Trade
There is no trade in the taxon, but the shells potentially are of interest to collectors.
Threats (see Appendix for additional information)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hyridella glenelgensis – published in 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en
3
The major threats that have impacted the range of this species over the last 10 years include changes in
flow regime associated with river management (diversions and regulation), as well as patterns of flow
changing with chugging frequency of drought and flood events.
In addition there have been increases in sedimentation and bank erosion caused by forestry
management, agricultural development and trampling by stock and loss of aquatic and riparian
vegetation due to land clearing and grazing by stock. These are interdependent factors affecting the
entire restricted range of the species and are having impacts on the abundance of the species.
Water is diverted from the Crawford River for domestic and agricultural use, and diversions typically
increase during summer. Low flows are accompanied by increased salinity and water temperature and
lower dissolved oxygen concentrations, and expose the shallow, sheltered littoral areas occupied by
mussels. As the stream is shallow and narrow, the mussel population is highly vulnerable to hydrological
changes.
This was demonstrated at one point near Dartmoor in 2009, during the Millennium Drought
(1997–2010), when many dead shells were strewn along the stream edge and only two live mussels
could be found (Jodie Honan, pers. comm.). Four years earlier, Playford (2005) recorded more than 30
live mussels at the same point. This indicates a local decline of 93% or more in numbers.
Plantations of Blue Gum (Eucalyptus globulus) and pines (Pinus radiata) in the region also have affected
stream flows; for example, 18,000 ha of eucalypt plantations have been established in the Crawford subcatchment since 1990, lowering water tables and causing reduced flows and drying of springs (SKM
2008).
Mussels are absent or rare in areas where stock have access to the channel. Cattle destroy the in-stream
and riparian vegetation that provides shelter (current, sunlight) for the mussels; they may also erode the
stream banks, trample the shells, compact the sediments and pollute the water. Mobilised silt impedes
the filtering activity of the mussels and can smother and bury shells. Clearing of vegetation associated
with urban and agricultural development is implicated in the loss of freshwater mussel populations
elsewhere in Australia (Walker et al. 2001, Brainwood et al. 2006).
Future Potential Threats
The Crawford River catchment has been transformed in the last 25 years, with more than 30,000 ha of
grazing land converted to cropland, dairy pastures, forestry plantations and other uses in 1990–2001
(Clifton et al. 2006, SKM 2008). The scale of recent and anticipated changes will alter flow regimes,
water quality and groundwater recharge in regional water-dependent ecosystems.
As noted, the limited habitat and small size of the population make the mussels vulnerable to a variety
of threats. Many of these would be regarded as natural processes. For example, the mussels are prey for
the native water rat (Hydromys chrysogaster, Muridae), shown by empty, broken shells found along the
banks of the Crawford River during surveys. The risk of extinction may vary with changes in predation
pressure.
Other significant threats throughout the range of H. glenelgensis are:
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hyridella glenelgensis – published in 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en
4
• Intensified water use and urban development,
• Agricultural chemicals (nutrients, pesticides, herbicides),
• Forestry management and fire risk associated with plantations,
• Salinisation,
• Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio), and
• Climate change.
The upper reaches of the Glenelg Basin are salinized in association with irrigation development (GHCMA
2005). Salinities above 3–4 g/L are lethal to adult mussels (e.g., Walker et al. 2001, 2013). The glochidia
would be less tolerant (Walker 1981), but there are no data specifically for H. glenelgensis.
Forestry has the potential to degrade mussel habitat through erosion and siltation caused by harvesting,
particularly if buffer zones are inadequate (TSSC 2011). There is also a risk associated with fire (hence
loss of vegetation, erosion and siltation) in tree plantations.
Freshwater mussels are affected by leached chemicals such as pesticides, due to their filter-feeding
habit and propensity to bio-accumulate contaminants in their tissues (Walker et al. 2001). Pesticides are
commonly used in agricultural management and in eucalypt plantations (FWPA 2009).
Common Carp have had major effects in the Murray-Darling Basin, where they now represent 80
percent of the total fish biomass (Davies et al. 2008) and are responsible for destruction of wetland
habitats and native fauna including fish and invertebrates (Sheldon and Walker 1993, Koehn et al. 2000).
Carp became established in the Glenelg Basin in 2001 (ASFB 2001, DPI 2009). They are a potential
predator on juvenile and adult mussels and are likely to degrade stream habitat and threaten native
fauna and flora. There is evidence that common carp (and the related goldfish, Carassius auratus) are
not effective hosts for glochidia (Walker 1981; Walker et al. 2001, 2013; DPIPWE 2009; Klunzinger et al.
2012). If this is true for H. glenelgensis, the availability of suitable fish hosts could limit recruitment to
the mussel population.
Climate-change projections for southern Australia and the Glenelg region in particular indicate a more
variable climate with generally increased temperatures and less rainfall (DSE 2008). Small streams like
the Crawford River are especially vulnerable (SKM 2008).
Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)
In 2011, this species was listed as Critically Endangered under the Commonwealth Environment
Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). The listing advice is at:
http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=82953.
In 2009, the species was listed as Critically Endangered under the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee
Act
1988
(FFG
Act).
The
listing
advice
is
at:
http://www.depi.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/210438/Advisory_List_of_Threatened_Invert
ebrate_Fauna_2009_FINAL_Sept_2009.pdf.
The Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE 2009) outlined the following actions to assist in
the recovery of H. glenelgensis:Ensure records of species, communities and locations are documented
on the relevant databases,
• Increase the extent and improve condition of habitat,
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hyridella glenelgensis – published in 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en
5
• Maintain captive populations for research, identify reintroduction sites and prepare a plan for
reintroduction,
• Increase knowledge of biology, ecology and management requirements,
• Conduct survey to locate additional populations and suitable habitat,
• Secure populations or habitat from potentially incompatible land use or catastrophic loss,
• Amend Crown Land reservation,
• Develop or amend planning scheme overlays and schedules,
• Develop/revise management prescriptions and/or zoning for state forest,
• Develop, provide input to or implement park, reserve or land management plan,
• Develop, publish and distribute educational, technical or publicity material and/or displays,
• Liaise with private landholders and government agencies and
• Fence habitat to allow natural regeneration.
In regard to listing under the EPBC Act, the Threatened Species Scientific Committee (TSSC 2011)
recommended that there should not be a recovery plan for the species, as the approved conservation
advice provides sufficient direction to implement priority actions and mitigate key threats. The Victorian
FFG Act stipulates that an Action Statement should be prepared by the Department of Environment and
Primary Industries (DEPI) for each listed item, but an approved Statement is not yet available (see DSE
2009).
Credits
Assessor(s):
Walker, KF, Jones, H. A. & Klunzinger, M
Reviewer(s):
Lopes-Lima , M. & Seddon, M.B.
Contributor(s):
Playford , T., Hammer, M. & Seddon, M.B.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hyridella glenelgensis – published in 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en
6
Bibliography
Brainwood, M., Burgin, S. and Byrne, M. 2006. Is the decline of freshwater mussel populations in a
regulated coastal river in south-eastern Australia linked with human modification of habitat? . Aquatic
Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems: 501–516.
Cotton, B.C. and Gabriel, C.J. 1932. Australian Unionidae. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 44:
155-160.
Dennant, J. 1898. Description of a new species of Unio from the River Glenelg. Proceedings of the Royal
Society of Victoria 10: 112–113.
Department of Primary Industries and Water (DPIW). 2009. Environmental flow assessment for the
Macquarie River catchment upstream of Lake River. Water Assessment Aquatic Ecology Report WA
09/01. Department of Primary Industries and Water, Hobart.
Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (DPIPWE). 2009. Status of fish
communities and observations on South Esk freshwater mussel (Velesunio moretonicus) populations in
the Macquarie River catchment upstream of Lake River. Water Assessment Aquatic Ecology Report WA
09/02.. Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Hobart.
DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment, East Melbourne). 2009. Advisory list of threatened
invertebrate fauna of Victoria – 2009. Department of Sustainability and Environment, East Melbourne.
IUCN. 2014. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org.
(Accessed: 13 November 2014).
Klunzinger, M.W., Beatty, S.J., Morgan, D.L., Thomson, G.J., Lymbery, A.J. 2012. Glochidia ecology in wild
fish populations and laboratory determination of competent host fishes for an endemic freshwater
mussel of south-western Australia. . Australian Journal of Zoology 60: 26-36.
McMichael, D.F. and Hiscock, I.D. 1958. A monograph of the freshwater mussels (Mollusca: Pelecypoda)
of the Australian region. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 9: 372-508.
Playford, T.J. 2005. Conservation Status of the Endangered Glenelg River Mussel Hyridella glenelgensis
(Dennant, 1898) (Unionoida: Hyriidae). Unpublished BSc Honours Thesis. School of Earth and
Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide.
Playford, T.J. and Walker, K.F. 2008. Status of the endangered Glenelg River Mussel Hyridella glenelgensis
(Unionoida: Hyriidae) in Australia. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18: 679691.
Sheldon, F. and Walker, K.F. 1993. Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails.
Regulated Rivers: Research & Management 8(3): 295-299.
Threatened Species Scientific Committee [TSSC]. 2011. Advice to the Minister for Sustainability,
Environment, Water, Population and Communities from the Threatened Species Scientific Committee on
an amendment to the list of threatened ecological communities under the Environment Protection and
Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). Arnhem Plateau Sandstone Shrubland complex. Available
at: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/communities/pubs/111-listing-advice.pdf.
Walker, K.F. 1981. Ecology of freshwater mussels in the River Murray. Australian Water Resources
Council Technical Papers 63, Canberra.
Walker, K.F., Byrne, M., Hickey, C.W. and Roper, D.S. 2001. Freshwater Mussels (Hyriidae) of Australasia.
In: G. Bauer and K. Wächtler (eds), Ecology and Evolution of the Freshwater Mussels Unionoida, pp. 5-31.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hyridella glenelgensis – published in 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en
7
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
Walker, K.F., Jones, H.A. and Klunzinger, M.W. 2013. Bivalves in a bottleneck: taxonomy, phylogeography
and conservation of freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida) in Australasia. Hydrobiologia.
Citation
Walker, KF, Jones, H. A. & Klunzinger, M. 2014. Hyridella glenelgensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species 2014: e.T58609631A58628791. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20143.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en
Disclaimer
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External Resources
For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hyridella glenelgensis – published in 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en
8
Appendix
Habitats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Habitat
Season
Suitability
Major
Importance?
1. Forest -> 1.4. Forest - Temperate
Resident
Suitable
Yes
5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.1. Wetlands (inland) - Permanent
Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls)
Resident
Suitable
Yes
Threats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Threat
Timing
Scope
Severity
Impact Score
1. Residential & commercial development -> 1.1.
Housing & urban areas
Ongoing
Minority (50%)
Slow, significant
declines
Low impact: 5
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
Unknown
Unknown
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
Unknown
Unknown
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
Ongoing
Majority (5090%)
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
1. Residential & commercial development -> 1.2.
Commercial & industrial areas
1. Residential & commercial development -> 1.3.
Tourism & recreation areas
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual &
perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.1. Shifting
agriculture
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hyridella glenelgensis – published in 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en
Causing/could
cause fluctuations
Causing/could
cause fluctuations
Slow, significant
declines
Unknown
Unknown
Medium
impact: 6
9
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual &
perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.2. Small-holder
farming
Ongoing
Minority (50%)
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
Ongoing
Majority (5090%)
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual &
perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.4. Scale
Unknown/Unrecorded
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.2. Wood & pulp
plantations -> 2.2.1. Small-holder plantations
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
Ongoing
Minority (50%)
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
Ongoing
Majority (5090%)
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual &
perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.3. Agro-industry
farming
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.2. Wood & pulp
plantations -> 2.2.2. Agro-industry plantations
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming
& ranching -> 2.3.2. Small-holder grazing, ranching or
farming
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hyridella glenelgensis – published in 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en
Slow, significant
declines
Slow, significant
declines
Slow, significant
declines
Very rapid
declines
Low impact: 5
Medium
impact: 6
Low impact: 5
High impact: 8
10
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming
& ranching -> 2.3.3. Agro-industry grazing, ranching
or farming
Ongoing
Majority (5090%)
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
4. Transportation & service corridors -> 4.1. Roads &
railroads
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
4. Transportation & service corridors -> 4.2. Utility &
service lines
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
7. Natural system modifications -> 7.2. Dams & water
management/use -> 7.2.1. Abstraction of surface
water (domestic use)
Ongoing
Majority (5090%)
Slow, significant
declines
Medium
impact: 6
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
Ongoing
Majority (5090%)
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
Ongoing
Majority (5090%)
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
7. Natural system modifications -> 7.2. Dams & water
management/use -> 7.2.4. Abstraction of surface
water (unknown use)
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
7. Natural system modifications -> 7.2. Dams & water
management/use -> 7.2.5. Abstraction of ground
water (domestic use)
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
7. Natural system modifications -> 7.2. Dams & water
management/use -> 7.2.2. Abstraction of surface
water (commercial use)
7. Natural system modifications -> 7.2. Dams & water
management/use -> 7.2.3. Abstraction of surface
water (agricultural use)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hyridella glenelgensis – published in 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en
Slow, significant
declines
Slow, significant
declines
Slow, significant
declines
Medium
impact: 6
Medium
impact: 6
Medium
impact: 6
11
7. Natural system modifications -> 7.2. Dams & water
management/use -> 7.2.6. Abstraction of ground
water (commercial use)
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
7. Natural system modifications -> 7.2. Dams & water
management/use -> 7.2.7. Abstraction of ground
water (agricultural use)
Ongoing
Majority (5090%)
Slow, significant
declines
Medium
impact: 6
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
7. Natural system modifications -> 7.2. Dams & water
management/use -> 7.2.8. Abstraction of ground
water (unknown use)
Ongoing
-
-
-
7. Natural system modifications -> 7.2. Dams & water
management/use -> 7.2.9. Small dams
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
7. Natural system modifications -> 7.2. Dams & water
management/use -> 7.2.10. Large dams
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
7. Natural system modifications -> 7.2. Dams & water
management/use -> 7.2.11. Dams (size unknown)
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
7. Natural system modifications -> 7.3. Other
ecosystem modifications
Ongoing
Majority (5090%)
Slow, significant
declines
Medium
impact: 6
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
Future
Majority (5090%)
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
Ongoing
-
8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes ->
8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.1.
Unspecified species
8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes ->
8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.2.
Named species (Carassius auratus)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hyridella glenelgensis – published in 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en
Unknown
-
Unknown
-
12
8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes ->
8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.2.
Named species (Cyprinus carpio)
Ongoing
-
-
-
9. Pollution -> 9.1. Domestic & urban waste water ->
9.1.1. Sewage
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
9. Pollution -> 9.1. Domestic & urban waste water ->
9.1.2. Run-off
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
9. Pollution -> 9.1. Domestic & urban waste water ->
9.1.3. Type Unknown/Unrecorded
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
9. Pollution -> 9.2. Industrial & military effluents ->
9.2.1. Oil spills
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
9. Pollution -> 9.2. Industrial & military effluents ->
9.2.2. Seepage from mining
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
9. Pollution -> 9.2. Industrial & military effluents ->
9.2.3. Type Unknown/Unrecorded
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
9. Pollution -> 9.3. Agricultural & forestry effluents ->
9.3.1. Nutrient loads
Ongoing
Majority (5090%)
Unknown
Unknown
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
Ongoing
Majority (5090%)
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
Ongoing
Majority (5090%)
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
9. Pollution -> 9.3. Agricultural & forestry effluents ->
9.3.4. Type Unknown/Unrecorded
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
11. Climate change & severe weather -> 11.1. Habitat
shifting & alteration
Ongoing
Majority (5090%)
Slow, significant
declines
Medium
impact: 6
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects
9. Pollution -> 9.3. Agricultural & forestry effluents ->
9.3.2. Soil erosion, sedimentation
9. Pollution -> 9.3. Agricultural & forestry effluents ->
9.3.3. Herbicides and pesticides
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hyridella glenelgensis – published in 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en
Slow, significant
declines
Unknown
Medium
impact: 6
Unknown
13
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
11. Climate change & severe weather -> 11.2.
Droughts
11. Climate change & severe weather -> 11.3.
Temperature extremes
Ongoing
Majority (5090%)
Causing/could
cause fluctuations
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
Ongoing
-
-
Medium
impact: 6
-
Conservation Actions Needed
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Conservation Actions Needed
1. Land/water protection -> 1.1. Site/area protection
1. Land/water protection -> 1.2. Resource & habitat protection
2. Land/water management -> 2.1. Site/area management
2. Land/water management -> 2.2. Invasive/problematic species control
2. Land/water management -> 2.3. Habitat & natural process restoration
3. Species management -> 3.3. Species re-introduction -> 3.3.1. Reintroduction
3. Species management -> 3.3. Species re-introduction -> 3.3.2. Benign introduction
3. Species management -> 3.4. Ex-situ conservation -> 3.4.1. Captive breeding/artificial propagation
3. Species management -> 3.4. Ex-situ conservation -> 3.4.2. Genome resource bank
4. Education & awareness -> 4.1. Formal education
4. Education & awareness -> 4.2. Training
4. Education & awareness -> 4.3. Awareness & communications
5. Law & policy -> 5.1. Legislation -> 5.1.2. National level
5. Law & policy -> 5.1. Legislation -> 5.1.3. Sub-national level
5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.2. National level
5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.3. Sub-national level
6. Livelihood, economic & other incentives -> 6.1. Linked enterprises & livelihood alternatives
6. Livelihood, economic & other incentives -> 6.2. Substitution
6. Livelihood, economic & other incentives -> 6.3. Market forces
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hyridella glenelgensis – published in 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en
14
Conservation Actions Needed
6. Livelihood, economic & other incentives -> 6.4. Conservation payments
6. Livelihood, economic & other incentives -> 6.5. Non-monetary values
Research Needed
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Research Needed
1. Research -> 1.1. Taxonomy
1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends
1. Research -> 1.3. Life history & ecology
1. Research -> 1.5. Threats
1. Research -> 1.6. Actions
2. Conservation Planning -> 2.1. Species Action/Recovery Plan
2. Conservation Planning -> 2.2. Area-based Management Plan
3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends
3. Monitoring -> 3.4. Habitat trends
Additional Data Fields
Distribution
Estimated area of occupancy (AOO) (km²): 4
Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Unknown
Number of Locations: 1
Lower elevation limit (m): 0
Upper elevation limit (m): 200
Population
Number of mature individuals: 1000
Continuing decline of mature individuals: Yes
No. of subpopulations: 1
All individuals in one subpopulation: Yes
Habitats and Ecology
Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Yes
Generation Length (years): 3
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hyridella glenelgensis – published in 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58609631A58628791.en
15
The IUCN Red List Partnership
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species
Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN
Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation
International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas
A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London.
THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™