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1 Why can’t you have one without the others?? Swbat define terms related to directional anatomy Locate the part of the canine by directional terminology Define and apply three dimensional planes to animals. Anatomy & Physiology TM 2 Why can’t you have one without the others?? Swbat Create a pasta skeleton with answer key of a rabbit, horse, cat or dog with all pertinent bones. Anatomy & Physiology TM 3 Directional Terminology Anterior – front of the animal Posterior – rear of the animal Cranial – towards the front of the animal Caudal – towards the rear of the animal Dorsal – uppermost surface or back Ventral – lowermost surface or belly Proximal – part of limb closest Distal – part of limb furthest away Lateral – side of the animal Anatomy & Physiology TM 4 Dorsal Cranial Caudal Ventral Proximal Distal Anterior Anatomy & Physiology Posterior TM 5 Three Dimensional Planes Frontal Plane – body plane that divides the animal into dorsal and ventral parts Median Plane – body plane that divides the animal into equal, symmetrical right and left halves Sagittal Plane – any body plane that is parallel to the median plane Transverse Plane – body plane that divides the animal into cranial and caudal parts Anatomy & Physiology TM 6 Median Transverse Sagittal Frontal Deep Superficial Anatomy & Physiology TM 7 Integumentary System The skin is the largest and most visible organ of the body Organ most likely to be subjected to trauma Functions: Enclosing barrier preventing the loss of water, electrolytes, and cells Protection from the environment Allowing motion Temperature regulation Storage Pigmentation Immunosurveillance Production of vitamin D Sensory perception Anatomy & Physiology Excretory secretions TM 8 Skeletal System Purpose – support and protect the body Axial Skeleton – includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum Appendicular Skeleton – fore and hind limbs Anatomy & Physiology TM 9 Axial Skeleton Skull – many plates of bone fused together. the soft spot is the fontanel Vertebrae – 5 distinct regions 1. Cervical – neck region Atlas – C1. nod yes Axis – C2. no 7 in all mammals Anatomy & Physiology TM 10 Thoracic Vertebrae Body region – always have a rib attached and spine on top True Ribs – directly attach to sternum False Ribs – connect to each other Floating Ribs – not attached to anything Anatomy & Physiology TM 11 Lumbar Vertebrae Lower back Carnivores have more Herbivores less – strong back Anatomy & Physiology TM 12 Sacral Vertebrae Pelvic region Anatomy & Physiology TM 13 Coccygeal Vertebrae Tail region balance Anatomy & Physiology TM 14 Appendicular Skeleton Forelimb Scapula – shoulder blade Clavicle – only cat Humerus – upper arm Ulna – elbow joint Radius – forearm Carpus – knee in horses, wrist in dogs and humans Metacarpals – hand Phalanges – fingers Sesamoids - bump Anatomy & Physiology TM 15 Hind Limbs Pelvis Femur – Patella – knee Tibia – shin Fibula – fused with tibia Tarsus – ankle Metatarsal – bones in foot Anatomy & Physiology TM 16 Axis Skull Vertebrae Cervical Thoracic Sacral Lumbar Coccygeal Atlas Scapula Pelvis Humerus Olecranon Radius Femur Patella Fibula Ribs Tibia Tarsals Carpals Ulna Metatarsals Phalanges Phalanges Sesamoids Metacarpals Anatomy & Physiology TM 17 Anatomy & Physiology TM 18 Why can’t you have one body system without the other? Swbat identify the parts of a bone through a dissection of a chicken wing. Swbat compare the differences in bone structure of a newborn, 1 year old, 13 year old and 18 year old through a handout “The Aging Hand” Swbat estimate the age of a hand based on bone structure through use of a picture. Homework – study for quiz on bones (Tuesday) Anatomy & Physiology TM 19 Classification of Bones Short Flat bone – cube shaped, i.e. carpus and tarsus bone – plate of bone, i.e. scapula, rib, skull Irregular bone – complex shaped, i.e. vertebrae Sesamoid – small, seed-shaped bone, i.e. proximal and distal sesamoids, patella Long bone – bone is longer that it is wide, i.e. femur, tibia, humerus, etc. Anatomy & Physiology TM 20 Bone Anatomy Diaphysis – body of long bone Epiphysis – enlarged ends of long bones Metaphysis – joining point of diaphysis and epiphysis Periosteum – thin outer protective layer of bone Medullary Cavity – space within filled with marrow Endosteum – thin inner protective layer lining the medullary cavity Anatomy & Physiology TM 21 Bone anatomy Compact Bone – thick outer layer that can be repared Give rigidity and elasticity. Cancellous Bone – spongy, soft tissue found inside the end of bones Ossification – process of forming bones Osteoblast – particles that begin ossification in young, developing bones Osteocyte – bones that begin to develop mature bone Anatomy & Physiology TM 22 Bone Growth Occurs in the epiphysis of long bones Epiphyseal growth plates produce cartilage, which gradually turns into bone via a process called ossification Anatomy & Physiology TM 23 Epiphysis Diaphysis Periosteum Metaphysis Bone marrow Medullary cavity Endosteum Anatomy & Physiology TM 24 Bone Fractures Simple – bone does not break skin Compound – bones breaks skin Complete – fracture goes completely across bone Incomplete – fracture does not go completely across bone Anatomy & Physiology TM 25 Fissured Greenstick Transverse Comminuted Anatomy & Physiology TM 26 Why can’t you have one body system without the other? Swbat identify three types of muscles through the use of a microscope. Swbat list the function of each type of muscle Swbat identify major muscles and how they are connected to the skeleton system through the creation of muscles on their pasta skeleton Anatomy & Physiology TM 27 Muscles are contractile organs responsible for the voluntary and involuntary movements of animals. Skeletal muscle –allows for all voluntary movement, appears to be striated when looked at under a microscope. Cardiac muscle – controls the involuntary beating of the heart, appears striated under a microscope. Smooth muscle – responsible for all other involuntary movement, such as breathing, digestion, peristalsis, blinking, etc. Anatomy & Physiology TM 28 Movement Ambulation – moving from one place to another Abduction – moving away from the median plane Adduction – moving towards the median plane Flexion – moving to the distal part of the limb towards the body Extension – moving the distal part of the limb away from the body Anatomy & Physiology TM 29 Muscle Function Either contract or relax, so generally work in pairs Anatomy & Physiology TM 30 Id of Major Muscles Masseter – superficial cheek Trapezius – superficial triangular of shoulder Latissimus dorsi – long, superficial, dorsal that attaches the humerus to the lumbar Abdonimal obliques – large flat, support digestive and reproductive organs Gluteals – large, upper hindquarters Biceps femoris – superficial, “hamstrings” Biceps brachii – flexor of the elbow joint Anatomy & Physiology TM Triceps brachii – extensor of the elbow joint Pectorals – adductors of the forelimbs Serratus ventralis – attaches forelimb to trunk 31 Anatomy & Physiology TM 32 Masseter Trapezius Latissimus dorsi External abdominal oblique Gluteals Pectorals Triceps brachii Biceps femoris Anatomy & Physiology TM 33 Respiratory System Function – brings in O2 and expels CO2 With the help of the circulatory system Anatomy & Physiology TM 34 Upper Respiratory System Mouth, nose, pharynx, larynx and epiglottis Mucous Membranes – lining of respiratory tract that secrete mucus Mucus – slimy secretion that helps warm, moisten and filter the air Cilia – tiny wave-like hairs that line the nose to filter the air Anatomy & Physiology TM 35 Upper Respiratory Cont. Pharynx – passage that is shared by the respiratory and digestive system Epiglottis – flap that covers the larynx during swallowing Larynx – “voice box” contains vocal cords that vibrate when air passes through them Anatomy & Physiology TM 36 Nasal cavity Pharynx Esophagus Mouth Larynx Epiglottis Tongue Trachea Anatomy & Physiology TM 37 Lower Respiratory System Trachea – “windpipe” rings of cartilage to keep shape Bronchi – two branches at bottom of the trachea, one is called the bronchus Bronchioles – smallest branches of bronchial tree Bronchial tree – describe how the bronchi get smaller and smaller like tree branches Anatomy & Physiology TM 38 Lower Respiratory Cont. Alveoli – small grape like clusters at end of bronchioles that actually exchange gases Lungs – paired organ that contains bronchi that are divided into defined lobes Diaphragm – muscle below the lungs that contracts causing the lungs to fill with air. Anatomy & Physiology TM 39 Epiglottis Larynx Alveoli Trachea Cartilage ring Lungs Bronchi Bronchioles Anatomy & Physiology TM 40 – drawing in of a breath Breathing Inhalation Exhalation – release of a breath Apnea – not breathing Dyspnea – Difficulty breathing Bradypnea – abnormally slow breathing Tachypnea – abnormally fast breathing Respiration – exchange of CO2 and O2 in lungs Anatomy & Physiology TM 41 Nervous System Detects and processes information and formulates responses. Coordinates and controls ALL body movement Sends and receives impulses (electrical signals)that travel through the NS and provide info to the brain Anatomy & Physiology TM 42 3 types of Neurons Sensory neurons – carry impulses towards the brain and spinal cord Connecting Neurons – carry impulses from one neuron to another Motor Neurons – carry impulses away from brain and spinal cord to the body Anatomy & Physiology TM 43 Parts of a Neuron Cell Body – aka “soma”. Contains the cell nucleus Dendrite – branch-like, receives impulses Axon – sends impulses away Synapse – space in between neurons; contains a chemical call the “neurotransmitter” that helps impulses travel Myelin – protective sheath around neuron Anatomy & Physiology TM 44 Dendrite Cell body (soma) Myelin sheath Axon Synapse Anatomy & Physiology TM 45 Parts of the Brain Cerebellum – coordinates all movement, muscle activity, and balance Cerebrum – largest, 4 lobes that receive and store info, responsible for giving signals for voluntary mov’t – senses – touch, smell, taste, see, hear Pituitary Gland – secretes hormones important for reproduction and growth Meninges – 3 layered protective covering of the brain Medulla Oblongata – dictates all life functions – heart, breathing, reflex actions Hypothalamus - link between the nervous system and endocrine system, thirst, hunger Thalamus – relay system for all nerve impulses except smell. Receives impulses then directs them to proper part of brain Brainstem – connect the brain to the spinal cord and contains Anatomy & Physiology TM medulla oblongata 46 Meninges Cerebrum Cerebellum Thalamus Spinal cord Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Brain stem Anatomy & Physiology Medulla oblongataTM
