Download Unit 7A Cells

Key Stage 3
Science
Name ________________________Tutor Group_______
Science Teacher _________________________________
Unit 7A Workbook
Cells
My target for this unit is:
7A Cells 2013 (FRO)
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What level am I working at?
Unit 7A Cells
Level
I can do
this

I can name the 7 essential characteristics of life
3

I can name the major organs in humans
4

I know the function of the major human organs
5

I can name the major organs of a flowering plant
5

I can use a microscope safely
3

I can name the major parts of a microscope
4

I can calculate the total magnification of a microscope
5

I can work out the size of the field of view in a
microscope, and use this to work out the actual size of
the object observed
6

I can describe how to make a specimen microscope
slide (cheek cells)
4

I can recognise and name the parts of a typical animal
cell
4

I can draw a clear, labelled diagram of cells viewed
under high magnification
5

I can describe how to make a specimen microscope
slide (onion cells)
4

I can recognise and name the parts of a typical plant cell
4

I can match cell structures to their functions
5

I can describe the differences between a typical plant
cell and animal cell
5

I can describe how some cells are adapted for specific
functions
6

I can explain how organisms grow
4

I can describe how new cells are formed
5

I can explain that cells have nuclei containing the
information that is transferred from one generation to
the next
5
Lesson 7
Lesson 6
Lesson 5
Lesson 4
Lesson 3
Lesson 2
Lesson 1
  
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I have
revised
this
TEST
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7A Key Words and Phrases
cell
the small, single “building block” of all living things
cell wall
tough, outer layer of a plant cell, that is made of strong, cellulose fibres which
support the cell and help the plant to stay upright
chloroplast
special packets in plant cells that contain a green pigment called chlorophyll
cytoplasm
jelly-like substance where many of the important chemical reactions in the cell take
place
Field of view
Area that is visible when you look through the microscope
function
a special job carried out by a cell, tissue or organ
magnification
How big the object looks than it actually is
membrane
the “skin” of the cell that controls the entry and exit of chemicals and water
microscope
a scientific instrument used to magnify very small objects
mitosis
Cell division where one cell forms two and two form four cells
MRS NERG
mnemonic to remember the 7 functions of life
nucleus
controls all the cells functions and contains all the information (DNA) for making
new cells and new individuals
organism
a living thing
organ
organ system
a group of tissues working together in the same place, e.g. heart, lungs, eyes, leaves
and flower
a group of organs that have related functions – e.g. digestive system, reproductive
system,
organelle
a smaller structure within a cell, e.g. a chloroplast
photosynthesis
the chemical process that helps plants trap energy from the sun to produce food
respiration
using oxygen to get energy from food
specimen
a biological sample, e.g. cells on a microscope slide
specialised cells
cells which have special adaptations to help them do a particular job
stain
to add a coloured chemical to a specimen, to make it easier to see
tissue
a large number of similar cells grouped together and working together to do a
particular function
vacuole
a space in a cell for storing sap
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Lesson 1
What are living things made from?
Task1
The 7 characteristics of life are:
M
________________
R
________________
S
________________
N
________________
E
________________
R
________________
G
________________
Use your key word list to help you complete these sentences:
The smallest unit of life is called a cell A tissue is made up of cells that carry out the same function. .
An organ is formed from groups of _______________ working together. An ___________
______________ is a group of organs working together.
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Match up the pictures to the structures - Tissue, Organ system, Cell, Organ
The structure below is found in a leaf
Blood
The structure below is located in the trachea
The structure below is found in muscles
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Task 2
Body Systems
Name of system
Organs of the system
Functions of the system
Which
characteristic of
life?
Excretory system
Nervous system
Digestive System
Circulatory system
Reproductive System
Respiratory System
Muscle and skeletal
system
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Task 3
Human Organs
Label the organs (L4)
Say what organ system they belong to (L4)
Explain their functions (L5)
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Flowering Plant Organs
Task 4
Root
leaves bud
Flower
1.
label the plant using the following words from the box
2.
What is the job of the leaves in plants?
3.
How does water get to the leaves?
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Using a Microscope
Lesson 2
Label the parts
Task 5
eyepiece magnification
objective lens magnification
x10
x40
x10
x100
x50
x10
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total magnification
x500
x200
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How to use a microscope
1 Place a prepared slide on the microscope stage and
carefully secure it using the stage clips.
2 Turn the objective lenses
until the smallest lens is over
the hole in the stage. This is
the lens with the lowest
magnification.
3 Now slowly rotate the large focusing knob (sometimes
called the coarse focusing wheel) until the object on
the slide comes into view. As soon as you can see your
object, stop using the focusing knob. This will prevent
you from breaking the slide.
4 To get your object focused
Warning!
If you are using a
microscope with a
mirror, never focus
on sunlight.
clearly and sharply, use the
fine focusing knob.
5 If you want to look more closely at the object on the
slide, turn the objective lenses so that the next longest
lens is over the hole in the stage.
6 To focus the image, slowly turn the fine focusing knob
until the object becomes clear and sharp. Do not use
the coarse focusing knob, as you may move the lens
too close and break the slide.
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Extension : Field of View
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Looking at Cells under a Microscope
Lesson 3
Preparing an animal cell slide
1 Take a clean unused cotton bud and wipe it around the inside of
your cheek.
2 Carefully smear a small amount of
the saliva and cheek cells onto a
microscope slide. Put your cotton
bud in disinfectant now.
3 Stain the saliva with one drop of methylene blue. Wear eye
protection.
4 Using a mounting needle, carefully
lower a coverslip over the stained
saliva and cheek cells.
5 View the sample using a microscope.
6 After you have observed the slide and recorded your
observations place the slide in disinfectant.
Do not let another pupil use your slide or cotton bud.
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Task 6
A) Put these instructions into the correct order:
Preparing a slide of human cheek cells
__ Place the cover slip on top
__ Add a few drops of methylene blue
__ Use a cotton bud to collect the cheek cells
__ Place the slide onto the stage of the
microscope
__ Rub the cotton bud over the slide
__ Put the cotton bud into the disinfectant
B) View two different animal cells and sketch what you see in the space provided.
Don’t forget to add the magnification you used on the microscope.
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Lesson 4
Preparing a plant cell slide
1 Take a piece of onion and peel away the skin on the inside
surface using your fingernails or forceps.
2 From the skin you have removed
cut a small piece (no more than
about 5 mm square).
3 Place a drop or two of water in the centre of a microscope slide,
then place the onion skin on the water drops. Take your time
and ensure that the skin is flat and not doubled up.
4 Using a mounting needle, carefully
lower a coverslip onto the onion
skin. Take care to avoid air
bubbles.
5 At one end of the coverslip place a drop of iodine solution and at
the other, a paper towel. The iodine should be drawn under the
coverslip, staining the onion skin. Take care not to get iodine on
your hands. Wear eye protection.
6 View the onion skin using a microscope, and draw your
observations.
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Task 7
A) Put these instructions into the correct order:
Preparing a slide of onion tissue
__ Place the slide onto the stage of the
microscope
__ Add a few drops of iodine
__ Take a very thin piece of onion
__ Place a cover slip on top
__ Place the onion flat onto a slide
B) View two different plant cells and sketch them in the space provided. Don’t forget to add the
magnification you used on the microscope.
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Task 8
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Task 9
Lesson 5
Label the diagrams and complete the table below
Animal Cells
Cell structure
Plant cell
Function
cell membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm
cell wall
vacuole
chloroplasts
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Task 10
Comparing plant and animal cells
Plant cells
Animal cells
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Task 11
Cell Project
Your task is to produce a 3-dimensional cell model. This can be a typical/generic plant or animal cell The model must
correctly label 5 parts of the cell and their function. The model must be correct in that the parts should be located in the
correct position (e.g. chromosomes inside the nucleus etc.) and the shapes and sizes should be to scale (the nucleus is
bigger than the chloroplast).
If you want to be more ambitious, then you can make a model of a specialised cell. This will put you in the Level 6-7
category. You will also have to explain how the special features help the cell do its particular job.
Criteria:
Criteria
Your Score
My Score
Cell has 5 labelled parts with functions included
- 10 marks (1 mark each for the part and function)
Cell is to scale, in terms of size and location of organelles
- 5 marks
Cell is aesthetically pleasing and shows evidence of quality build - 5 marks
A list of references is included that includes one internet site and one
print source
- 5 marks
Levels 6 and 7
A specialised cell showing the special features accurately. Using scientific
knowledge, explain how the cell’s shape helps it do its job. – 10
marks
Level:
7a
7b
7c
35
34
32-33
6a
6b
6c
30-31
28-29
26-27
5a
5b
5c
23-25
20-22
17-19
4a
4b
4c
14-16
11-13
9-10
3a
3b
3c
7-8
5-6
0-4
To be more representative of an actual cell my model needs:
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
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Specialised Cells
Task 12
Animal and plant cells are all specialised to certain jobs
How is it
Cell
Name
Function
adapted for its
job?
red blood cells
root hair cell
carry oxygen around
the body
absorbs water from the
soil
carries electrical
nerve cell
messages very quickly
to the brain
traps sunlight in the leaf
palisade cell
and carries out
photosynthesis
carries genetic
sperm cell
information to egg cells
in order to make a new
life
Ciliated epithelial
move dirt out of the
cell
lungs
1. Why do root hair cells have no chloroplasts?
2. Why are red blood cells ‘biconcave’? (like a dented ball)
3. Why do root hair cells have a long extension?
4. Why are nerve cells covered in an insulating material?
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Starter
Lesson 6
Task 13
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How do cells grow and multiply
Task 14
The words in the box below may be used once, more than once or not at all.
multiply
cell
mitosis
identical larger
All organisms start out as one __________ . Organisms grow because the cells get bigger and
____________ . Cells reproduce themselves by a process called ________________ .
Cell division:
1.
the cell gets ____________
2. the _________ splits into 2
identical copies
3. the cell splits into 2 __________
4. each ‘daughter’ cell grows and
cells
reproduces again
5. the cells keep on dividing and
form a bundle of cells
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6. The cells keep dividing and begin
to grow into specialised cells to form
tissues and organs
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Task 15
In the right conditions yeast cells divide approximately once every
20 minutes.
1 Which of the labelled axes is the x-axis?________________________
2 How many yeast cells will there be after 110 minutes?___________
3 Describe the shape of the graph
_________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
4 If you start with a single yeast cell, how many would you have after 2 hours?
_________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
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Homework and Extension:
Matching organs
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Extension
Amoeba
The amoeba is a protozoan that belongs to the Kingdom Protista. The name amoeba comes from
the Greek word amoibe, which means change. (Amoeba is also spelled amoeba.) Protists are
microscopic unicellular organisms that don't fit into the other kingdoms. Some protozoans are
considered plant-like while others are considered animal-like. The amoeba is considered an animal-like
protist because it moves and consumes its food. Protists are classified by how they move, some have
cilia or flagella, but the amoeba has an unusual way of creeping along by stretching its cytoplasm into
fingerlike extensions called pseudopodia. (The word "pseudopodia" means "false foot".) When
looking at amoeba under a microscope, an observer will note that no amoeba looks the same as any
other; the cell membrane is very flexible and allows for the amoeba to change shape. Amoebas live
in ponds or puddles, and can even live inside people.
There are two types of cytoplasm in the amoeba, the darker cytoplasm toward the interior of the
protozoan is called endoplasm, and the clearer cytoplasm that is found near the cell membrane is
called ectoplasm. By pushing the endoplasm toward the cell membrane, the amoeba causes its body
to extend and creep along. It is also by this method that the amoeba consumes its food. The
pseudopodia extend out and wrap around a food particle in a process call phagocytosis. The food is
then engulfed into the amoeba and digested by the enzymes contained in the amoeba's lysosomes. As
the food is digested it exists in a structure called a food vacuole.
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Also visible in the amoeba is the nucleus, which contains the amoeba's DNA. In order to reproduce
the amoeba goes through mitotic division, where the nucleus duplicates its genetic material and the
cytoplasm splits into two new daughter cells, each identical to the original parent. This method of
reproduction is called binary fission. Another structure easily seen in the amoeba is the contractile
vacuole, who's job is to pump out excess water so that the amoeba does not burst.
During unfavorable conditions, the amoeba can create a cyst, this hardwalled body can exist for a long
period of time until conditions become favorable again. At this point it opens up and the amoeba
emerges. Often cysts are created during cold or dry periods where the amoeba could not survive in its
normal condition.
Amoebas can cause disease. A common disease caused by the amoeba is called Amoebic Dysentery.
A person becomes infected by drinking contaminated water. The amoeba then upsets the person's
digestive system and causes cramps and diarrhoea. A person is most likely to be infected in countries
where the water is not filtered or purified.
Questions:
1. How does an amoeba move?
2. What structure contains the amoeba's DNA?
3. How does an amoeba reproduce?
4. During unfavorable conditions, an amoeba forms a __________ ?
5. Fingerlike extensions of the amoeba's cytoplasm are called __________ ?
6. What disease is caused by the amoeba?
7. To what Kingdom does the amoeba belong?
8. How are protozoans classified?
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When cell division goes wrong
You may or may not want to do this if someone you know has
cancer.
Cancer is a very common disease in MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries) but more
people from LEDCs are developing it too. You may know of someone who has it, or who has had it.
You will use a website to find out about what happens to the body when someone gets cancer.
Go to this link http://www.abpischools.org.uk/page/modules/celldiv_cancer/cancer4.cfm?coSiteNavigation_allTopic=1
Pages 4, 6 and 8 are most relevant to you.
Make a summary to answer these questions
1) What do the cells do to cause cancer? (This links into the last lesson)
2) What are the meanings of the following words?
a) Tumour
b) Metastasized
c) Carcinogen
3) What is the difference between chemotherapy and radiotherapy?
4) What other treatments are there for cancer?
5) What could be the new ways to prevent cancer in the future?
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7A Summary
Cells and their functions
All living things are made from cells. There are two basic types of cell:
Animal cell
Plant cell
Cells are very small. A microscope is used to see them.
To use a microscope you:
i
Place the smallest objective lens over the hole in the stage.
ii
Turn the focusing wheel to move the objective lens close to the stage.
iii
Place the slide on the stage.
iv
Adjust the light source or mirror.
v
Look into the eyepiece lens
vi
Turn the focusing wheel until what you see is clear (in focus).
A microscope makes things appear bigger. It magnifies things. There are two lenses in a microscope. To work out the
total magnification you multiply the magnification of the objective lens by the magnification of the eyepiece lens.
The object you want to look at using a microscope is called the specimen. It has to be thin to let light get through it. It is
placed, with a drop of water, onto a slide. A coverslip is put on top. The coverslip stops the specimen from drying out,
holds it flat and stops it moving. A stain might be used to help you see parts of the cell.
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Some cells have special shapes. They are adapted to do certain jobs.
Cilated epithelial cells are
found in tubes leading to the
lungs. The strands at the top
(cilia) wave about to move dirt
out of the lungs.
Muscle cells are able to change
length. This helps us to move.
Root hair cells in plant roots
take water out of the ground
quickly. The root hair gives the
water more surface to get into
the cell.
Palisade cells in plant leaves
are packed with chloroplasts to
help the plant make food.
Nerve cells (neurones) are
long so that messages can be
carried around the body quickly.
A group of cells that are the same, all doing the same job, is called a tissue (e.g. muscle tissue). A group of different tissues
working together to do an important job makes an organ. For example the heart is an organ and is made of muscle tissue
and nerve tissue.
Organs have very important jobs:
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Organs often work together in organ systems.
Some important organ systems:
Organ system
Organs
Job
Breathing system
Windpipe (trachea), lungs
Takes air into the body
Circulatory system
Heart, blood vessels
Carries oxygen and food around the body
Digestive system
Mouth, gullet, stomach, intestines
Breaks down our food
Flower
Stamen, carpel
Used for sexual reproduction in plants
Nervous system
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Carries messages around the body
Sex cells are produced by the reproductive organs. In plants, these are contained inside flowers. Sex cells are used for
sexual reproduction which needs two parents. The offspring from sexual reproduction are different from the parents;
they are new varieties.
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7A – Test Yourself
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Total 25 marks
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My mark
Total
Qu. Level
Qu
My %
Type
Traffic light
Subject Areas
(KN, AP, NM,
HSW)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Overall
Grade:
total
Achieved
Target 1
Achieved
Target 2
KN – Knowledge, AP –Application,
NM – Numeracy, HSW – How Science Works
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Unit 7A Review
My target grade is ________
My Grade for this unit was ________
Which parts of this unit do you think you did very well at?
Which parts of this unit did you find difficult to understand?
Aspect
  
Recalling key facts
Understanding keywords
Using key words in my written work
Using correct conventions for drawing diagrams
Actively reading questions
Writing clear and concise answers
Understanding key concepts
Catching up on missed work
Reviewing my work between lessons
Actively revising
Sharing my ideas in group/pair/class work
Completing tasks in lesson time
Asking for help when I need it
Using my checklist to assess my learning
Trying my hardest with problems before asking for help
My Target for next unit:
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