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Islam: Its Arrival and History Stop and Think……… • What preconceived notions do you have about the religion on Islam? • How did you develop those preconceived notions? Monotheism • As we have seen, the Middle East was subject to several monotheistic beliefs. • Traces religion back to Abraham and Ishmael • Important prophets – Adam, Moses, Abraham, Jesus • Muhammad is the last of the prophets • Jews and Christians respected as “People of the Book.” Bedouins of Arabia • Nomadic tribes and clans moving from oases to oases (governed by shaykhs – elders) • Use of the camel for long distance travel • Conducted raids on rival tribes and caravans • Governed by code of muruwwa – bravery in battle, patience in misfortune, persistence in revenge, protection of the weak, defiance toward the strong, and hospitality toward the visitor • Love of poetry – annual time of peace for poetry festivals – important to the development of Arabic John Singer Sargent’s “Bedouins” Early Islam • As we have noted, at age 40 Mohammed receives the word of Allah from the Angel Gabriel on Mt. Hira. • This word will take several years to receive. • These divine revelations will become the Quran/Koran. • Once he receives that word, he will take to the city of Mecca to teach what he is told is the final word of Allah. • How is he treated by the Meccans? Early Converts to Islam • Khadija – Muhammad’s wife (she passed away before he did); he would take as many as 10 other wives (widows of his soldiers to support them) • Ali – Muhammad’s cousin (son of Abu-Talib) • Abu-Bakr – close friend of Muhammad (Muhammad would marry Abu-Bakr’s daughter Aisha, who was regarded as his favorite wife) • Umar – an imposing figure from a weak clan • Uthman – elegant but quiet youth of the Umayyad family (powerful) Meccan Opposition • Mecca – pilgrimage site, home of the Ka’ba – large stone structure that houses 360 idols • Arabs were polytheists and visited Mecca annually (hajj – pilgrimage) to pay respects to gods • Muhammad’s message of only one god did not match with previous religious beliefs; would interfere with lucrative pilgrim/tourism industry • Muhammad shielded by uncle Abu-Talib (influential) of Hashimite Clan • After uncles death, rival clan and angry merchants plot to kill Muhammad Kaaba Hijra – Leaving for Medina • Muhammad, known for honesty, invited to Medina to mediate between its two pagan tribes • Muhammad and followers leave Mecca and relocate to Medina • Muhammad’s following grows in Medina; eventually his original Meccan followers want to go back Review of Mohammed • Muhammad returns with an army to Mecca. The Meccans surrender without a fight. • Ka’ba purged of its idols Principles of Islam 5 Pillars: What they are and who must complete them. Worshipping Only One God • Allah – God; same God of Jews and Christians • Must love Allah more than anything even family • Similar to Judaism and Christianity (“Love the Lord your God with all your heart, soul, mind, and strength”) Witnessing/Profession of Faith (Shahadah) • This means, "I bear witness that there is no God other than Allah, and I bear witness that Mohammed is His messenger." • This profession of faith is part of the daily prayers. Prayer • Is required 5 times per day: 1.Fajr-Before sunrise. 2.Zuhr-After the sun begins to decline from its zenith. 3.Asr-Mid-afternoon. 4.Magrib-Just after sunset. 5.Isha-night. Charity- Almsgiving • Obligatory charity giving is an act of worship and spiritual investment • The recipients of charity are: - the poor, the needy, - the new Muslim converts, - the Muslim prisoners of war (to liberate them), - Muslims in debt, - employees appointed to collect Zakah, - Muslims in service of research or study or propagation of Islam, - wayfarers who are foreigners in need of help. Almsgiving – Similar to Judaism and Christianity • Psalms – “The Lord loves a cheerful giver” • Jews were supposed to leave extra grain after the harvest for the poor and foreigners • Every seventh year was a Year of Jubilee in which Jews were supposed to forgive debtors • Jesus chastised the rich for ignoring the poor and gave parables about how the poor would see God and the rich that ignored them would burn in hell • Paul commanded Christian churches to provide for widows Fasting • Fasting is abstaining completely from eating, drinking, and intimate sexual contacts from the break of dawn till sunset. • Obligatory fasting is done once a year for the period of the month of Ramadan. • The month when Muhammad began to receive visions The Hajj • Each Muslim is required (if financially and physically able) to make a Hajj. • This is a journey to Mecca • It is to commemorate the Divine rituals observed by the Prophet Abraham and his son Ishmael, who were the first pilgrims to the house of Allah on earth: the Ka'bah. • It is also to remember the great assembly of the Day of Judgement when people will stand equal before Allah. Other Rules – Ways of Pleasing God • No eating pork – It is a filthy creature • No sexual immorality – No sex outside of marriage (men and women worshipped separately at the mosque; women kept hair covered and wore veils – although this was common in pre-Islamic Arabia too) • No drinking intoxicating substances or using drugs • All similar to Judaism and Christianity Day of Judgment • All living people will die; all souls will be judged • Only the righteous will go to heaven – meeting Allah, beautiful, good food and plenty to drink, beautiful maidens for the righteous men; righteous women will be transformed to the age at which they were most beautiful • Hell – scorching, torment by demons, boiling water to drink, noxious food; separation from Allah • Heaven or hell for eternity Christianity and Hell • Jesus is the only way to God the Father – only way to heaven • All have sinned and fallen short of the glory of God, perfect and holy • Must accept that Jesus is Son of God, who died for sins and ask for forgiveness/repent • Anyone who does not do this cannot go to heaven; therefore hell • Last Judgment – separates the people who are forgiven (by following Jesus) from those who are not Muslims’ Issues with Judaism and Christianity • Torah – written over time; made the Jews God’s Chosen People (Muslims disagree) • Gospels – written some time after Jesus’ death; made Jesus the Son of God (Muslims disagree – Jesus was a great prophet and divinely inspired, but Allah has no children) • Jews and Christians are People of the Book but misguided • Quran was given to Muhammad directly; final authority on God/Allah; corrected mistakes (ex. Ishmael was the favored son of Abraham not Isaac as Jews and Christians believe) Muhammad’s Visit to Jerusalem • Muhammad said that in vision one night it was if he was carried from the Ka’ba to Jerusalem’s Temple Mount • He ascended through seven levels of heaven • He met great biblical figures – Moses, Aaron, Enoch, Jesus, John the Baptist, and Abraham and then entered the presence of God • Muhammad originally had Muslims face Jerusalem to do their prayers • Problems with Jews in Mecca and Medina – conspiracies to challenge his power; joining up with rival Arab armies; Muhammad begins to take hard line against Jews • Mecca becomes new qibla Dome of the Rock Dome of the Rock, Temple Mount in Jerusalem • Dome is over the Foundation Stone, from which Muhammad ascended to heaven • The crevices are from the hand of Gabriel, who held down the rock from ascending with Muhammad • Built in 691 at the order of Arabian Umayyad caliph (head follower of Islam; political leader) Abd al-Malik Dome of the Rock Exterior Wall Islamic Spread • As you will notice from the previous slide, Islam will spread throughout Europe. • It will go as far as the the Western parts of Spain. • Islam was and is the fastest growing religion on the planet. • Currently estimated to have over 1 billion followers Islam Spread • How did the religion grow into an empire of the Middle Ages? • Who led after Muhammad? How would this be decided? • What were these leaders called? How were they connected to the Prophet? Battle of Badr: Background • Muhammad’s forces had been raiding caravans travelling to Mecca • Early failures then success • Even attacked during holy month when pagan Arabs would visit Mecca, which was forbidden Battle of Badr: Background • How did Muhammand justify this? • Quranic revelation: “They will question you about the holy month and fighting in it, Say “Fighting in it is wrong, but to bar from God’s way, and disbelief in Him, and the sacred Ka’ba, and to expel its people from it --- that is more wicked in God’s sight; and persecution is more wicked than killing.” (QURAN, 2:213) Battle of Badr • Muslims were preparing to raid a rich Umayyad caravan returning from Syria • Mecca sent an army of 1,000 against Muslims in mean time • Muhammad’s forces = 86 emigrants, 238 ansars (citizen/helpers of the Prophet) • Battle at oasis called Badr • Muslim victory – clever tactics, belief that God was behind them Battles Between Mecca and Muslims • Meccans retaliated – won Battle of Uhud 625 • 627 - Meccans sent invasion force against Medina; Muslims dug wide trench around city that horses and camels could not cross; returned home demoralized • Arab tribes began severing ties with Mecca and establishing treaties with Muhammad Muhammad, Islam, and Jews • Muhammad’s relations with Jews in Medina began to deteriorate (Jews did not accept totality of his visions) • Expelled a tribe of Jews for conspiring with Meccans at Battle of Badr • Expelled a tribe after the Muslims defeat at Uhud • Last tribe of Jews in Mecca – accused of conspiring with Meccans when they tried to seize Medina • All men killed; property confiscated; women and children sold into slavery Jews: People of the Book? • Why did Muhammad treat the Jews this way? • They were armed; they could have undermined Muhammad’s precarious control of Medina. • An advisor actually coveted Jewish property and put Muhammad against that last group (the one that was punished most harshly) • Muhammad’s prestige grew – Arabs trusted him; knew that he was not afraid to get revenge against betrayers Death of the Prophet • Muhammad never planned for a successor; he was the last Prophet. • His last speech: “O ye men, listen to my words and take them to heart: Every Muslim is a brother to every other Muslim and you are now one brotherhood.” • Appointed Abu-Bakr, father of Aisha and his best friend to lead prayers • Retired to Aisha’s room; died June 8, 632 Caliphs: Followers of the Prophet • Caliph – title for the leaders who followed after Muhammad • The Four Righteous Caliphs – – – – Abu-Bakr Umar Uthman Ali Abu-Bakr (632 – 634) • Led prayers while the Prophet was sick; father-inlaw and best friend; an early believer; Umar – an outspoken follower pushed for Abu-Bakr to be chosen • Took the title khalifat rasul Allah (successor of the messenger of God) – origins of the word caliph • Also known as amir al-muminin – commander of the believers • Arabs tribes tried to break away – ridda (apostasy) – didn’t want to pay zakat • Ridda Wars – costly, but Muslims reconquered every rebel tribe and then forgave them Umar (632-644) • Sends out the Arab tribes (uses their cultural combative energies and trend toward conquest/raiding) to conquer territories • Umar pronounces a jihad to expand the umma’s (Muslim community) lands • Captures Rome’s (Byzantine Empire) Middle Eastern Possessions (Palestine – Jerusalem, Syria, Egypt, and Cyrenaica – part of modern-day Libya) Umar’s Achievements • Expanded the territories of the umma • Enriched the umma • Held the umma together by utilizing the fighting spirit of the Arab tribes and enriching them • Established military bases with soldiers stationed throughout the Middle East • Created shura – electoral committee to choose third caliph – Islam democratic? Umar • Slept on a bed of palm leaves • Wore the same wool shirt until it had holes and patches in it • Known to govern with a whip if people behaved impiously Uthman (644-656) • From Umayyad clan of Mecca – defied his clan and became one Muhammad’s (Muhammad was from the Hashimite clan) early followers; recall that the powerful Umayyads did not want to convert right away because they would lose power over Mecca • Amassed estates worth over $100 million Uthman • Built Islam’s first navy to conquer Cyprus • Established one definitive version of Quran; order all variations burnt • Troubled caliphate – garrison towns began to plot against him (not quite as forceful personality as Umar) • Appointed relatives to govern territories (some lusted after power, others lacked ability to rule) • Complex time in the empire (more money than Muhammad ever envisioned; greed and vice with so many people) • Revolt in Kufa; spread to Medina; rebels from Egypt broke in and killed him and his wife as they recited prayers Ali (656-661) • Muhammad’s cousin (son of Abu-Talib, Muhammad’s uncle in Mecca who protected him); first male convert • Husband of the Prophet’s daughter, Fatima • Father of Muhammad’s only grandsons, Hasan and Husayn • Went with the Prophet on early expeditions; advised the caliphs • A rival who others proclaimed caliph – Mu-awiya • Murdered by Kharjite (seceder) After the Surrender of Mecca Put a bow on the box • What about Islam have we learned? • What has made it the most rapidly growing religion in the history of the face of the earth? • Predict where Islam is heading……..