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Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Auriemma Why Study Anatomy???? Personal reasons: • To understand how the human body functions • To be able to recognize abnormal changes in our body Professional Reasons: • To better understand how products used affected the composition of our hair and skin • While performing massage manipulations, you be able to understand how to create safe and effective results Basic Terms………….. • Anatomy – the study of the structures of the body that can be seem with the human eye and what they are made of. Examples: circulatory system, respiratory system • Physiology - (fiz-ih-Ol-oh-gee) is the study of the functions and activities performed by the body structure. Example: our bones • Histology – (his-TAHL-uh-gee) is the study of minute structures of organic tissue. Example :microscopic anatomy (cells) Cells Cells: • are the basic unit of all living things. Basic Construction of Cells: • Protoplasm – a colorless jelly-like substance in which food such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, salts and water are present. • Nucleus – is the dense active protoplasm found in the center of the cell. It plays an important role in reproduction (mitosis) and metabolism. • Cytoplasm – is all the protoplasm that is in the cell except that which is in the nucleus. It is responsible for growth, reproduction and cell repair. • Cell Membrane – encloses the protoplasm and allows soluble substances (stuff that dissolves in a liquid) to enter and leave the cell Cell Structure Cell Metabolism Metabolism: • Is a chemical process that takes place whereby cells are nourished and carry out daily functions Metabolism has two phases: • Anabolism – is the process of building larger molecules from smaller ones. The body stores water, food and oxygen for a time when the substances will be needed. • Catabolism - is the phase of metabolism that involves the breaking down of the stored larger substances into smaller one thus releasing the cells stored energy. Note: Anabolism and catabolism are always being simultaneously being carried out in the cells. Kinds of Tissues Tissues Are collection of cells that perform a particular function Types of Tissues: • Connective – protect and bind other tissues together. Example: cartilage and ligaments • Epithelial – protective covering on the body surfaces. Examples: lining of the heart and stomach • Liquid – such and blood an lymph , carries food, waste products and hormones through the body. • Muscular – contracts and moves the various parts of the body. • Nerve – carries messages to and from the brain and controls bodily function. Note: Nerve tissue is made up of special cells called neurons, which make up the nerves, brain and spinal cord. Organs………… • • • • • • Brain – controls the body Eyes – control vision Heart – circulates the blood Kidneys – excrete water and waste products Lungs – supply oxygen to the blood Liver – removes the toxic products as a result of the digestion process • Skin – forms an external covering of the body • Stomach and Intestines – digest food Systems 10 Body Systems: • Circulatory – controls the steady blood flow through the body through the heart and blood vessels. • Digestive – changes food into food and waste. • Endocrine – affects growth, development, sexual activities and health of the entire body. • Excretory – purifies the body by the elimination of waste • Integumentary (skin) – Serves as protective covering and helps regulate temperature. • Muscular – covers, shapes and supports the skeleton system and moves various parts of the body Systems Cont………. • Nervous – controls and coordinates all the other systems and makes them work efficiently; consists of the brain, spinal cord and nerves. • Reproductive – is responsible for the process in which animals produce offspring • Respiratory – enables breathing, supplying the body with oxygen and eliminating waste (carbon dioxide); consists of the lungs and air passages. • Skeletal – physical foundation of the body; consists of the bones and movable and immovable joints. Bones of the Cranium • The cranium is made up of eight bones. Of those, the following are important to the cosmetologist. • Occipital bone (ahk-SIP-hi-tul) hindmost bone of the skull, below the parietal bones; forms the back of the skull above the nape. • Two parietal bones (puh-RY-uh-tul) – form the sides and crown (top) of the cranium. • Frontal bone (FRUNT-ul) – forms the forehead. • Two temporal bones (TEM-puh-rul) – form the sides of the head in the ear region. Bone of the Face • The bones of the face involved in facial massage include: • Two nasal bones (NAY-zul). They form the bridge of the nose. • Two lacrimal bones (LAK-ruh-mul). Small, thin bones located at the front inner wall of the orbits (eye sockets). • Two zygomatic or malar bones (zy-goh-MATik). Form the prominence of the cheeks; cheekbones. • Two maxillae (mak-SIL-ee). Bones of the upper jaw (singlular; maxilla). • Mandible (MAN-duh-bul). Lower jawbone; largest and strongest bone in the face. Bones of the Neck • The main bones of the neck are the: • Hyoid bone (HY-oyd). U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscles; also called “Adam’s apple.” • Cervical vertebrae (SUR-vih-kul VURTuh-bray). The seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column located in the neck region Bones of the Chest, shoulder, and back • The bones of the trunk or torso consist of the: • Thorax (THOR-aks.) The chest; elastic, bony cage that serves as a protective framework of the heart, lungs, and other internal organs. • Ribs. Twelve pairs of bones forming the wall of the thorax. • Scapular (SCAP-yuh-luh). One pair of shoulder blades; a large, flat, triangular bone of the shoulder • Sternum (STUR-num). Breastbone; flat bone that forms the ventral (front) support of the ribs. • Clavicle. Collarbone; bone that joins the sternum and scapula. Bone of the Arms and Hands • The important bones of the shoulder, arms, and hands that you should know about include the: • Humerus (HYOO-muh-rus). Uppermost and largest bone of the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder. • Ulna (UL-nuh). Inner and larger bone of the forearm (lower arm), attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger. • Radius (RAY-dee-us). Smaller bone in the forearm (lower arem) on the same side as the thumb. Bone of the Arms and Hands (con’t) • Carpus (KAR-pus). The wrist; flexible joint composed of a group of eight small, irregular bones (carpals) held together by ligaments. • Metacarpus (met-uh-KAR-pus). Bones of the palm of the hand; parts of the hand containing five bones between the carpus and phalanges. • Phalanges (fuh-LAN-jeez). Bones of the fingers, or digets (also toes), consisting of three in each finger and two in each thumb, totaling fourteen bones