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What’s the Matter? Electrons are Waves and Particles Atoms Isotopes Quantum Theory 100 100 100 100 100 200 200 200 200 200 300 300 300 300 300 400 400 400 400 400 500 500 500 500 500 All of matter is composed of ____, the basic unit of all chemistry. ATOMS A(n) _______ is to chemistry as a ______is to biology. ATOM…CELL The comparison of the number of atoms in a copper coin the size of a penny with the number of people on Earth is made to illustrate which of the following? a. b. c. d. That atoms are indivisible That atoms are very small That atoms are very large That in a copper penny, there is one atom for every person on Earth THAT ATOMS ARE VERY SMALL The nucleus of an atom has a ___ charge due to the _____ (subatomic particle). POSITIVE…PROTON ____ are negatively charged subatomic particles and are about 1/2000 the mass of a proton or neutron. ELECTRONS What is the lowest energy state of an atom called? GROUND STATE Label each of the pieces of the wave: B A C A D A – WAVELENGTH B – CREST C – AMPLITUDE D - TROUGH As the frequency of a wave increases, the wavelength (increases/decreases) and energy (increases/decreases) DECREASES…INCREASES A ____ is the smallest amount of energy that can be gained or lost by an atom. QUANTUM The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states: IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO KNOWN PRECISELY BOTH THE POSITION AND THE MOMENTUM OF AN ELECTRON How many neutrons are in 16O? 8 How many protons, electrons, and neutrons does an atom with atomic number 50 and mass number 125 contain? 50 PROTONS 50 ELECTRONS 75 NEUTRONS How many neutrons are in the Arsenic atom? 33 As 74.9216 75 – 33 = 42 neutrons 33 Atomic number As 74.9216 Mass number What was concluded about the structure of the atomic nucleus as the result of the gold foil experiment? a. b. c. d. A positively charged nucleus is surrounded by positively charged particles. A positively charged nucleus is surrounded by mostly empty space. A negatively charged nucleus is surrounded by positively charged particles. A negatively charged nucleus is surrounded by mostly empty space. A POSITIVELY CHARGED NUCLEUS IS SURROUNDED BY MOSTLY EMPTY SPACE. What does the atomic mass of an element on the periodic table depend upon? MASS OF THE ISOTOPES RELATIVE/PERCENT ABUNDANCE OF THE ISOTOPES Isotopes ______. of the same element have different NUMBER OF NEUTRONS or MASS NUMBERS How big are electrons compared to protons and neutrons? Electrons are 1/1840 the size of both protons and neutrons. What is the difference between these isotopes? The mass numbers are different. The first isotope has 3 neutrons, the second isotope has 4 neutrons, and the third isotope has 5 neutrons. Calculate the atomic mass of chlorine using the isotope data below. (34.97 g)(76/100) + (36.97 g)(24/100) = 26.58 g + 8.87 g = 35.45 g What is the difference between the atomic mass and mass number of an element? THE ATOMIC MASS IS CALCULATED WITH THE MASS OF EACH ISOTOPE AND THE PERCENT ABUNDANCE OF EACH ISOTOPE. THE MASS NUMBER IS THE NUMBER OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS IN AN ATOM. IT CAN BE ROUNDED BY ATOMIC MASS. When an electron moves from a lower to a higher energy level, the electron (absorbs/gives off) a quantum of energy. ABSORBS In the periodic table, the principal quantum number corresponds to the ___. a. b. c. d. Transition metals Group number Period number Ground state C. PERIOD NUMBER The _____ quantum number indicates the relative size and energy level, while the ____ quantum number (or sublevels) relates to the shapes of the orbitals. PRINCIPAL…ANGULAR What is the maximum number of electrons in the second principal energy level (n = 2)? 8 The s sublevel contains ___ orbitals (and 2 electrons) and the p sublevel contains ___ orbitals (and 6 electrons). 1…3