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Transcript
NDP, World History (Shuler), Fighting World War I (19141918) Focus: Describe the course of war in the five major theaters (Western Front, Eastern Front, Middle East, colonies, and Atlantic Ocean). What new technology added to the war’s brutality? Why did the Central Powers lose? TOTAL WAR! Some Key Terms Stalemate: neither side can win… just keep throwing troops at each other Attrition: slowly wear down the other side Which side will be able to keep fighting after losing 1,000,000 men? 2,000,000? Etc. Total War: involves the entire country… Factories changed to produce war goods Food rationed to provide for soldiers Women take on factory jobs Therefore civilians may be targeted by armies Propaganda To win a total war, need to keep up public enthusiasm (morale) Propaganda: public posters, movies, etc. designed to raise public support This cartoon, entitled Bravo, Belgium, shows the Prussian bully threatening poor little Belgium, yet Belgium is bravely prepared to fight The Opening Participants (not Italy and almost not Britain) By 1915, promises of land lure in other powers… ALLIANCES and 5 THEATERS of WAR 5. Atlantic Ocean 4. Western Front 1. Colonies 3. Eastern Front 2. Middle East Theater 1: The Colonies and Globe Germany has few colonies and quickly loses outside of Europe Japan joins the Allied Powers to snatch up some small German colonies World War I is mainly a world war only because soldiers come from the colonies to fight in Europe Where do you think this is? Theater 2: The Middle East Britain fights the Ottoman Empire: a stalemate until 1917 when Britain begins to win Failed attempt at Gallipoli (1915) to conquer the Ottoman capital of Istanbul To gain support, Britain promises parts of the Middle East to the French, to Jewish spies, and to Arab nationalist revolutionaries… often the same land to each! Gallipoli Arab Revolt vs. Ottomans Theater 3: The Eastern Front More dynamic than the Western Front (see shaded areas to either side of double arrow on map) Russia can beat Austria, but Germany can beat Russia when it can spare the soldiers • 1917: Russia collapses from attrition… Communist revolutionaries overthrow the czar and surrender to Germany • This frees up German soldiers… could Germany’s eastern army now give it victory in the west? Theater 4: The Western Front 1914: Germany’s initial invasion halted 30 miles from Paris Photo: Paris taxi used to rush soldiers to the front Stalemate: 1,500 miles of trenches are dug… can’t maneuver E.g. Somme (1916): British lose over 600,000 men in 4 months and advance only 5 miles!!! “Going Over the Top”: Charging Machine Guns Trench Warfare Great for defense, horrible for offense Thus stalemate and a war of attrition Trench Warfare: Layers of Defense Artillery: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=82GoiIMS6Ig Attrition in the Trenches: Snipers, Trench Foot & Shellshock (PTSD) Technology to Break the Stalemate? Heavy Artillery “Big Bertha” could fire 6 miles Any movement of an army was preceded by days of artillery attack Cities & civilians became targets of these attacks Fails to break the stalemate Technology to Break the Stalemate? Airplanes and Zeppelins Used as spotters for artillery First bombers… but can only carry very small explosives Fails to break the stalemate… but looks glamorous Technology to Break the Stalemate? Poison Gas Attacks Mustard and chlorine gas (both drift downwards) Effective as a first surpise… but fails to break the stalemate Forbidden by treaty later as a war crime Technology to Break the Stalemate? Tanks and Armored Cars Protection vs. machine guns in no-mans land Slow, expensive, and break down often, but actually pretty effective by the end of the war Theater 5. The Atlantic Naval battles are surprisingly rare Britain blockades Germany, which causes mass starvation by the late war (total war!) But Britain and France rely on overseas supplies too… Theater 5. The Atlantic Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Germany responds by building submarines (called untersee or “U-Boats”) to sneak past the British navy and sink merchant ships (war of attrition) Theater 5. The Atlantic The Problem? Sinking U.S. Merchants 1915: the sinking of the U.S. ship Lusitania leads to an ultimatum from the U.S.A. Germany has to abandon submarine warfare But, in 1917, out of desperation, Germany resumes sinking merchant ships without warning 1917: The U.S.A. declares war on Germany, sending troops to the Western Front Why? Submarine warfare vs. U.S. ships Zimmerman Telegram German telegram to Mexico The Germans offered to restore Texas & the Southwest to Mexico if the Mexicans would help the Germans fight the United States British intercept and give to the U.S.A. The End of the War (late 1917) Central Powers: Ottoman Empire is collapsing Austria-Hungary is alive but completely exhausted Germany is okay-ish Allied Powers: Russia has collapsed France is alive, but its soldiers refuse to attack Britain is okay-ish America has joined, is strong, and is fresh The Question: Can German reinforcements from the Eastern Front crush France before the U.S. can make a difference? The Answer: NO! Armistice Day The last German offensive fails U.S. & British armies push forward towards Germany German soldiers begin to run away, forcing the German government to sue for peace Armistice (= truce): 11:00am Nov. 11, 1918 Why did the Central Powers lose? Fighting on two fronts America’s superior industrial might Bad luck